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# Ayass Bioscience, LLC

Intelligent Biology in Motion - BiRAGAS

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- [XML Sitemap](https://ayassbioscience.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Publication in PLOS ONE](https://ayassbioscience.com/latest-news/publication-in-plos-one/) - Aliquam eu nunc. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Sed libero.

## Pages

- [Ayass BioScience, LLC - Intelligent Biology in Motion](https://ayassbioscience.com/) - Intelligent Biology in MotionBiRAGAS Platform: Causal Biomarker Discovery Beyond Correlation Translational Research Innovation Advanced Clinical Laboratory Testing About Ayass BioScience, LLC PUBLICATIONSContact UsIntelligent Biology in MotionBiRAGAS Platform: Causal Biomarker Discovery Beyond Correlation Translational Research Innovation Advanced Clinical Laboratory Testing About Ayass BioScience, LLC PUBLICATIONSContact Us Search for:
- [Peanut Allergen](https://ayassbioscience.com/peanut-allergen/) - Peanut Allergen Aptamer Neutralizing the Allergen at Its Source – Not Suppressing the Immune System LEAD APTAMER: AYA22AR321 THERAPEUTIC AREA: Food Allergy / Peanut Allergy STAGE: Late Lead Optimization (In Vivo Validations) Peanut Allergen Aptamer AYA22AR321 Neutralizing the Allergen at Its Source – Not Suppressing the Immune System LEAD APTAMER: AYA22AR321 THERAPEUTIC AREA: Food Allergy
- [Thrombin Aptamer](https://ayassbioscience.com/thrombin-aptamer/) - Revolutionary Reversible Anticoagulation On-Demand Thrombin Control The First Anticoagulant With a Built-In Molecular Off Switch LEAD APTAMER: AYA1809002 THERAPEUTIC AREA: Anticoagulation / Thrombosis STAGE: Late Lead Optimization (In Vivo Validations) Revolutionary Reversible Anticoagulation On-Demand Thrombin Control The First Anticoagulant With a Built-In Molecular Off Switch LEAD APTAMER: AYA1809002 THERAPEUTIC AREA: Anticoagulation / Thrombosis STAGE: Late
- [Research](https://ayassbioscience.com/research/) - Translational Research InnovationsAdvancing aptamer-based technologies and computational methods for drug discovery and diagnostic innovation.Thrombin Aptamer Peanut Allergen AptamerContact UsTranslational Research InnovationsAdvancing aptamer-based technologies and computational methods for drug discovery and diagnostic innovation.Thrombin Aptamer Peanut Allergen AptamerContact Us
- [Blog](https://ayassbioscience.com/blog/) - Publication in PLOS ONEadmin2026-03-20T17:17:08+00:00March 19, 2026|Categories: Latest News|Read More 0 Publication in PLOS ONEadmin2026-03-20T17:17:08+00:00March 19, 2026|Categories: Latest News|Read More 0
- [About Us](https://ayassbioscience.com/about-us/) - Ayass BioScience, LLC American biotechnology company specializing in causal AI for drug discovery CLIA-Certified Laboratory Our TeamNEWSAyass BioScience, LLCAmerican biotechnology company specializing in causal AI for drug discovery CLIA-Certified Laboratory Our TeamNews Ayass Bioscience, LLC is an American biotechnology company based in Frisco, Texas, developing AI-driven causal inference tools for drug discovery and biomarker development.
- [Contact Us](https://ayassbioscience.com/contact-us/) - Contact Us NewsOur team is available to assist with clinical testing, research, and collaboration inquiries Contact UsOur team is available to assist with clinical testing, research, and collaboration inquiries News972-668-6005Fax: 972-635-4440 8501 Wade Blvd. Bldg. 9, Frisco, TX 75034 ayassbioscience@ayassbioscience.comAbout Ayass BioScience, LLCFirst name *Last name *Phone number *Email address *Message *Thank you for reaching
- [Partners](https://ayassbioscience.com/partners/) - Partners Built for Collaboration Across the Research Ecosystem PartnersBuilt for Collaboration Across the Research Ecosystem BiRAGAS is designed for integration into the workflows of pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology firms, and academic research groups – with licensing and support structures tailored to each type of partner. Pharmaceutical Integrate causally validated target intelligence into early discovery and translational
- [Use Cases](https://ayassbioscience.com/use-cases/) - Applications How BiRAGAS Performs From Oncology to Autoimmune Applications How BiRAGAS Performs From Oncology to Autoimmune BiRAGAS Across Therapeutic Areas and Research Contexts The platform’s multi-modal causal framework is designed to perform across a broad range of disease areas and research objectives – from early biomarker discovery through to regulatory submission support. Therapeutic Applications ONCOLOGYTumour Driver
- [Solutions](https://ayassbioscience.com/solutions/) - Solutions End-to-End Support from Discovery to Development SolutionsEnd-to-End Support from Discovery to Development ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS Seven Workflows for Every Research Question BiRAGAS supports the full spectrum of translational research through intent-classified, modular workflows – from initial causal discovery to counterfactual simulation and regulatory-grade evidence dossiers. ANALYTICAL WORKFLOWSFrom Discovery to Explanation Each workflow is a coordinated
- [Licensing](https://ayassbioscience.com/licensing/) - Licensing Flexible Modular Access Tailored to Your Pipeline LicensingFlexible Modular Access Tailored to Your Pipeline Available as a full enterprise platform or licensed capability modules. Select a module of interest to explore its capabilities: CAUSAL ENGINECRISPR SUITEDRUG AGENTBiRAGAS TOOLKITFULL PLATFORMCAUSAL ENGINEMoves beyond gene associations to establish why a gene drives disease – delivering validated causal
- [Platform](https://ayassbioscience.com/biragas-engine/) - BiRAGAS Platform Biological Retrieval-Augmented Generation Assessment System AI-powered causal intelligence for biomarker discovery BiRAGAS PlatformBiological Retrieval-Augmented Generation Assessment System AI-powered causal intelligence for biomarker discovery BiRAGAS is a scientist-guided AI platform developed by Ayass Bioscience, LLC that uncovers molecule-to-molecule causal relationships across integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and perturbation data. By combining advanced computational modeling with expert
- [BiRAGAS Platform](https://ayassbioscience.com/biragas-causal-platform/) - BiRAGAS Platform(Biological Retrieval-Augmented Generation Assessment System Platform) Causal Intelligence for Drug DevelopmentPlatform. AI-powered causal intelligence for biomarker discovery Licensing. Flexible modular access tailored to your pipeline Partners. Built for collaboration across pharma, biotech, and academia Solutions. End-to-end support from discovery to development Applications. From oncology to autoimmune – see how BiRAGAS performsContact UsBiRAGAS Platform(Biological Retrieval-Augmented
- [Test Panels](https://ayassbioscience.com/test-panels/) - Our Test Panels Precision testing performed exclusively in our CLIA-certified laboratory Our Test PanelsPrecision testing performed exclusively in our CLIA-certified laboratory Comprehensive Diagnostic Panels Designed to Detect What Others Miss Our panels combine multiple biomarkers with purpose – not randomly, but to uncover meaningful patterns and guide timely, personalized intervention. Many serious conditions are treatable
- [Order Tests](https://ayassbioscience.com/order-tests/) - Oder Tests Physicians may order individual biomarkers, predefined panels, or request customized test combinations Search by Test NameOrder Tests Physicians may order individual biomarkers, predefined panels, or request customized test combinations Search by Test NameTo request testing, please download, complete, and include the Requisition Form (RF) with your specimen submission. For custom panels or assistance
- [Search by Test Name](https://ayassbioscience.com/search-by-test-name/) - Search by Test Name Search for a test and see its description and related panels Search by Test Name Search for a test and see its description and related panels No test found. Try a different name or abbreviation. Cytokine Testing This panel measures a broad range of cytokines associated with immune activation, inflammation, and
- [Publications](https://ayassbioscience.com/publications/) - Publications Explore peer-reviewed scientific publications from Ayass BioScience, LLC showcasing breakthroughs in genomics, transcriptome analysis, and precision diagnostics. Publications Explore peer-reviewed scientific publications from Ayass BioScience, LLC showcasing breakthroughs in genomics, transcriptome analysis, and precision diagnostics. Non-invasive host transcriptome and HPV oncogene expression map the molecular landscape of HPV-driven cervical lesions (PLOS One) Published: March
- [Team](https://ayassbioscience.com/team/) - Ayass BioScience, LLC Team About Our CompanyAyass BioScience, LLC TeamAbout Our CompanyOur team brings together expertise in biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and clinical innovation to transform complex biological data into actionable medical insights. Dr. Mohamad Ammar Ayass, M.D., FCCP Founder and CEO Read Dr. Ayass Bio Board-certified physician-scientist in pulmonary-critical care medicine and nephrology with dual
- [Laboratory. Clinical Testing.](https://ayassbioscience.com/laboratory/) - Advanced Clinical Laboratory TestingCLIA-Certified LaboratoryExplore Our Test Panels Order Tests Patient Portal Provider PortalCall Us NowAdvanced Clinical Laboratory TestingCLIA-Certified LaboratoryExplore Our Test Panels Order Tests Patient Portal Provider PortalCall Us Now
- [Questions and Answers](https://ayassbioscience.com/questions-and-answers/) - Questions and Answers This document contains confidential and proprietary information belonging to Ayass Bioscience LLC. It is intended solely for prospective investors as part of the Series A fundraising process. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. Questions and AnswersThis document contains confidential and proprietary information belonging to Ayass Bioscience LLC. It is intended solely for prospective
- [CTLA4 and NKG2A Aptamer](https://ayassbioscience.com/ctla4-and-nkg2a-aptamer/) - CTLA4 and NKG2A Aptamer One Aptamer, Two Checkpoints – Unleashing Both T Cells and NK Cells Against Cancer CTLA4 and NKG2A AptamerOne Aptamer, Two Checkpoints – Unleashing Both T Cells and NK Cells Against Cancer AYA22T-R2-13 is the first aptamer engineered to block both CTLA-4 (T-cell checkpoint) and NKG2A (NK-cell checkpoint) with a single molecule
- [S Protein Aptamer](https://ayassbioscience.com/s-protein/) - S Protein Aptamer Aptamer-Based SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization – Effective Across Variants Where Antibodies Failed S Protein Aptamer Aptamer-Based SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization – Effective Across Variants Where Antibodies Failed A chemically synthesized DNA aptamer that blocks viral entry across all major SARS-CoV-2 variants – from Wuhan to Omicron – with demonstrated in vivo efficacy and safety. Variant-Adaptable: Effective

## Tests

- [Cytokine Testing](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/cytokine-testing/) - This panel measures a broad range of cytokines associated with immune activation, inflammation, and cell signaling pathways, supporting assessment of immune system function. Interferons (Viral Response) Primary antiviral signals that regulate immune response and inhibit viral replication:IFN-gammaIFN-alphaIFN-beta Growth Factors Drivers of cell growth, tissue repair, and regeneration, reflecting healing and cellular signaling activity:G-CSFGM-CSFPDGF-AAPDGF-AB/BBTGF-alphaVEGFFGF-basicEGFFlt-3L Chemokines Guidance
- [PSA, Free (Prostate-Specific Antigen, Unbound)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/psa-free-prostate-specific-antigen-unbound/) - This test measures the portion of PSA that circulates freely (not bound to proteins). Diagnostic Value: A low free-to-total PSA ratio suggests higher likelihood of prostate cancer, whereas higher ratios favor benign enlargement. Clinical Significance: Combined interpretation of free and total PSA improves diagnostic accuracy, reducing unnecessary biopsies. Symptom Correlation: Similar to total PSA, patients
- [PSA, Total (Prostate-Specific Antigen)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/psa-total-prostate-specific-antigen/) - This test measures the total concentration of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) in the blood. Diagnostic Value: Elevated total PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostatitis. Clinical Significance: It is one of the most widely used markers for early detection and monitoring of prostate disorders. Symptom Correlation: Elevated PSA may correspond with
- [AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/afp-alpha-fetoprotein/) - This test measures Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), a protein produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, which can reappear in certain cancers. Diagnostic Value: Elevated AFP levels are commonly associated with liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and germ cell tumors. Clinical Significance: AFP is used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring in patients with liver disease or
- [CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/cea-carcinoembryonic-antigen/) - This test measures Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), a protein normally produced during fetal development but elevated in certain cancers. Diagnostic Value: Increased CEA levels may indicate colorectal, lung, pancreatic, or breast cancers. Smoking and inflammation can also cause mild elevation. Clinical Significance: CEA is widely used to monitor cancer recurrence and evaluate the effectiveness of therapy,
- [CA 19-9 (GI - Gastrointestinal Cancer Marker)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ca-19-9-gi-gastrointestinal-cancer-marker/) - This test measures Cancer Antigen 19-9, a protein produced by cells in the pancreas, bile ducts, and gastrointestinal tract. Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 19-9 levels are commonly associated with pancreatic, gallbladder, or colorectal cancers, though mild increases can occur in benign biliary or liver disease. Clinical Significance: It is widely used to monitor response to
- [CA 15-3 (Breast Cancer Marker)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ca-15-3-breast-cancer-marker/) - This test measures Cancer Antigen 15-3, a protein released by breast cancer cells into the bloodstream. Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 15-3 levels are often associated with advanced or metastatic breast cancer, particularly in hormone receptor–positive cases. Clinical Significance: It is primarily used to monitor treatment effectiveness, recurrence, or progression rather than for initial diagnosis. Symptom
- [aPS/PT IgM (Anti-Phosphatidylserine-Prothrombin Antibody IgM)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/aps-pt-igm-anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin-antibody-igm/) - This test measures IgM antibodies against the phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex, complementing the IgG subtype in evaluating autoimmune clotting risk. Diagnostic Value: Elevated aPS/PT IgM levels indicate an early or transient immune response in Antiphospholipid Syndrome and related hypercoagulable states. Clinical Significance: Testing both IgG and IgM subtypes improves detection accuracy and helps monitor disease activity or
- [aPS/PT IgG (Anti-Phosphatidylserine-Prothrombin Antibody IgG)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/aps-pt-igg-anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin-antibody-igg/) - This test detects IgG antibodies against the phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex, which are associated with abnormal blood clotting and autoimmune activity. Diagnostic Value: The presence of aPS/PT IgG antibodies supports the diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), particularly in patients with unexplained thrombosis or recurrent pregnancy loss. Clinical Significance: These antibodies can promote hypercoagulability by interfering with natural
- [AAT (Alpha-1 Anti-Trypsin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/alpha-1-anti-trypsin/) - This test measures the level of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, a protective protein produced by the liver that helps prevent breakdown of lung tissue. Diagnostic Value: Low AAT levels indicate Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing emphysema, COPD, or liver disease. Clinical Significance: Measuring AAT helps identify hereditary causes of chronic
- [Lipid Panel: Total Cholesterol, HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein), LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), Triglycerides](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lipid-panel-total-cholesterol-hdl-high-density-lipoprotein-ldl-low-density-lipoprotein-triglycerides/) - This test measures key blood lipids to evaluate cardiovascular health and the body’s ability to metabolize fats. It provides valuable insight into cholesterol balance and helps assess the risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, or triglycerides can indicate increased risk for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome,
- [Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/comprehensive-metabolic-panel-cmp/) - This test evaluates multiple chemical components in the blood to assess liver and kidney function, electrolyte balance, and overall metabolic health. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels of glucose, calcium, electrolytes, or enzymes such as ALT, AST, and creatinine can reveal liver disease, kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or metabolic imbalance. Prognostic Insight: Because the CMP reflects how vital
- [Lipase](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lipase/) - This test measures lipase, a pancreatic enzyme responsible for breaking down dietary fats. Diagnostic Value: Elevated lipase levels are highly specific for pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or injury to pancreatic tissue. It typically remains elevated longer than amylase, providing a more stable diagnostic indicator. Clinical Significance: Lipase testing helps differentiate pancreatic disease from other abdominal
- [Amylase](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/amylase/) - This test measures the level of amylase, an enzyme produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates. Diagnostic Value: Elevated amylase levels are commonly associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or gallstone-related inflammation. Low levels may occur with severe pancreatic damage or cystic fibrosis. Clinical Significance: Amylase
- [Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody (AMA-M2), IgG](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/m2-mitochondria-antibody-igg/) - This test detects antibodies directed against mitochondrial M2 antigens, which are strongly associated with autoimmune liver disease, particularly Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). Diagnostic Value: The presence of M2 antibodies is highly specific for PBC, an autoimmune condition that causes gradual destruction of the bile ducts within the liver. Clinical Significance: Early detection allows for timely
- [LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ldh-lactate-dehydrogenase/) - LDH serves as a non-specific but sensitive marker of tissue damage across multiple organ systems. It is an enzyme found in nearly all body tissues and released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged. Diagnostic Value: Elevated LDH levels indicate tissue injury or disease affecting the heart, liver, lungs, muscles, or red blood cells. Clinical
- [Lactate](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lactate/) - This test measures lactic acid levels in the blood, indicating how efficiently oxygen is being delivered and used by tissues. Diagnostic Value: Elevated lactate levels suggest tissue hypoxia, sepsis, or metabolic acidosis. Clinical Significance: Lactate testing is crucial in emergency and critical care for assessing oxygen deprivation and circulatory status. Symptom Correlation: High lactate may
- [CK (Creatine Kinase)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ck-creatine-kinase/) - This test measures creatine kinase (CK), an enzyme released when muscle tissue is damaged. Diagnostic Value: Elevated CK indicates muscle injury, heart attack, or inflammatory muscle disease (myositis). Clinical Significance: CK testing distinguishes between skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle damage, and helps assess severity and recovery. Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience muscle pain, weakness, or
- [Phosphorus](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/phosphorus/) - This test measures phosphorus, a mineral important for bone health, energy production, and acid–base balance. Diagnostic Value: Elevated phosphorus may occur in kidney failure or excessive vitamin D intake; low levels can signal malnutrition, alcoholism, or hormonal imbalance. Clinical Significance: Phosphorus testing is used to evaluate renal function, parathyroid disorders, and bone metabolism. Symptom Correlation:
- [Uric Acid](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/uric-acid/) - This test measures the amount of uric acid in the blood - Special Chemistry Panel a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines. Diagnostic Value: Elevated uric acid levels may indicate gout, kidney disease, or increased cell turnover, while low levels can occur with liver disease or certain metabolic conditions. Clinical Significance: Monitoring
- [Magnesium](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/magnesium/) - This test measures the concentration of magnesium, an essential mineral involved in muscle, nerve, and enzyme function. Diagnostic Value: Low magnesium (hypomagnesemia) may result from poor diet, alcohol use, or diuretic therapy, while high magnesium (hypermagnesemia) may indicate kidney dysfunction. Clinical Significance: Magnesium testing is critical for evaluating muscle cramps, arrhythmias, or electrolyte disturbances. Symptom
- [Total Immunoglobulin M (IgM)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/total-immunoglobulin-m-igm/) - This test measures IgM antibodies, the first line of defense produced by the immune system in response to infection. Diagnostic Value: Elevated IgM levels suggest recent infection or immune activation, while low levels may indicate immune deficiency or chronic illness. Clinical Significance: Measuring IgM assists in evaluating immune readiness and identifying acute versus chronic allergic
- [Total Immunoglobulin G (IgG)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/total-immunoglobulin-g-igg/) - This test measures IgG antibodies, the most abundant immunoglobulins responsible for long-term immune protection. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal IgG levels can indicate chronic infection, immune deficiency, or excessive immune activation. Clinical Significance: IgG testing helps evaluate immune response capacity, particularly in patients with persistent respiratory or allergic symptoms. Symptom Correlation: Altered IgG levels may correlate with
- [Total Immunoglobulin E (IgE)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/total-immunoglobulin-e-ige/) - This test measures the total amount of IgE antibodies in the blood, which play a key role in allergic reactions. Diagnostic Value: Elevated total IgE levels indicate hypersensitivity or allergic responses to environmental triggers such as pollen, dust, food, or animal dander. Clinical Significance: IgE testing helps identify atopic conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema,
- [Total Immunoglobulin A (IgA)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/total-immunoglobulin-a-iga/) - This test measures IgA antibodies, which protect mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Diagnostic Value: Low IgA levels may indicate immune deficiency, while elevated levels can signal chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease. Clinical Significance: Assessing IgA is essential for understanding mucosal immune integrity, particularly in respiratory and intestinal conditions that overlap with allergic
- [BUN/Creatinine Ratio (Blood Urea Nitrogen/Creatinine Ratio)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/bun-creatinine-ratio-blood-urea-nitrogen-creatinine-ratio/) - This test compares the levels of BUN and creatinine to help identify the cause of kidney dysfunction. Diagnostic Value: A high ratio may indicate dehydration or heart failure; a low ratio suggests acute tubular necrosis or liver disease. Clinical Significance: Evaluating this ratio provides greater diagnostic precision by distinguishing between prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes
- [CBC (Complete Blood Count) with Differential](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/cbc-with-differential/) - This test provides a complete overview of blood cell counts, including red and white blood cells and platelets. Diagnostic Value: A CBC helps detect anemia, infection, inflammation, and hematologic disorders. Clinical Significance: Abnormalities in white blood cell types (differential) can indicate immune response, infection, or leukemia. Symptom Correlation: Results guide evaluation of fatigue, fever, bruising,
- [BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen/) - This test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood derived from protein breakdown. Diagnostic Value: Elevated BUN can signal kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or high protein metabolism; low levels may reflect liver disease or malnutrition. Clinical Significance: BUN testing helps differentiate between renal and non-renal causes of elevated nitrogen waste in the bloodstream. Symptom Correlation:
- [Creatinine](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/creatinine/) - This test measures creatinine, a waste product from muscle metabolism, to assess kidney filtration efficiency. Diagnostic Value: Elevated creatinine levels indicate reduced kidney filtration or impaired renal function. Clinical Significance: Creatinine testing is essential for diagnosing acute or chronic kidney disease and evaluating the effect of medications on renal performance. Symptom Correlation: Increased levels may
- [eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/egfr-estimated-glomerular-filtration-rate/) - This test estimates how efficiently the kidneys filter waste products from the blood. Diagnostic Value: Low eGFR values indicate impaired kidney function or early chronic kidney disease (CKD), even when symptoms are not yet apparent. Clinical Significance: eGFR is one of the most reliable measures for staging CKD and tracking disease progression or treatment response.
- [Lambda Light Chains](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lambda-light-chains/) - This test measures lambda free light chains, complementing kappa testing to assess immune system protein balance. Diagnostic Value: Elevated lambda light chains, or an abnormal kappa-to-lambda ratio, can signal abnormal plasma cell activity, chronic inflammation, or renal dysfunction. Clinical Significance: Evaluating both kappa and lambda levels provides a complete picture of protein metabolism and helps
- [Kappa Light Chains](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/kappa-light-chains/) - This test measures the level of kappa free light chains, small protein fragments produced by plasma cells. Diagnostic Value: Elevated kappa light chains may indicate abnormal immunoglobulin production associated with plasma cell disorders such as multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy, which can damage kidneys over time. Clinical Significance: Monitoring kappa light chains helps detect early
- [C4 (Complement Component 4)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/c4-complement-component-4/) - This test measures Complement C4, another immune protein essential for identifying immune complex–related diseases. Diagnostic Value: Decreased C4 levels can indicate active lupus nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, or other complement-mediated kidney diseases. Clinical Significance: Evaluating C4 alongside C3 provides a clearer picture of complement system activity and helps differentiate autoimmune from infectious causes of kidney inflammation.
- [C3 (Complement Component 3)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/c3-complement-component-3/) - This test measures the level of Complement C3, a protein involved in immune defense and inflammation. Diagnostic Value: Low C3 levels may indicate immune complex–mediated kidney disease, such as lupus nephritis or glomerulonephritis, while elevated levels can occur with acute inflammation or infection. Clinical Significance: Persistent reduction in C3 may signal ongoing immune activation against
- [HGH (Human Growth Hormone)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/hgh-human-growth-hormone/) - HGH is produced by the pituitary gland and is critical for growth, metabolism, and tissue repair. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels can indicate growth hormone deficiency or acromegaly. Clinical Importance: Testing is useful in evaluating unexplained changes in muscle mass, body fat, or bone density. Symptom Correlation: Low levels may lead to fatigue, decreased strength, and
- [SHBG (Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/shbg-sex-hormone-binding-globulin/) - SHBG is a protein that binds sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), controlling their bioavailability. Diagnostic Value: High SHBG may indicate hyperthyroidism or liver disease; low SHBG may occur with insulin resistance, obesity, or PCOS. Clinical Importance: SHBG testing clarifies discrepancies between total and free hormone measurements. Symptom Correlation: Fatigue, weight gain, or loss of libido
- [Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy (25-OH)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy-25-oh/) - Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) is essential for calcium absorption, immune function, and bone health. Diagnostic Value: This test evaluates overall vitamin D status and helps diagnose deficiency, osteomalacia, or osteoporosis. Clinical Importance: Deficiency contributes to fatigue, bone pain, immune weakness, and increased inflammation. Symptom Correlation: Low levels may cause muscle weakness, joint pain, and susceptibility
- [Prolactin](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/prolactin/) - Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and plays a key role in lactation and reproductive health. Diagnostic Value: Elevated prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) may result from pituitary tumors, hypothyroidism, or certain medications. Clinical Importance: Testing helps diagnose infertility, irregular menstruation, and unexplained breast milk production (galactorrhea). Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience headaches, vision changes, or menstrual
- [Testosterone, Total](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/testosterone-total/) - Total testosterone measures both bound and unbound testosterone circulating in the bloodstream. Diagnostic Value: It helps identify androgen deficiency in men and excess androgen states in women. Clinical Importance: Key for evaluating sexual dysfunction, infertility, and endocrine disorders. Symptom Correlation: Low levels may cause decreased energy, mood changes, or muscle loss in men; high levels
- [Testosterone, Free](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/testosterone-free/) - Free testosterone measures the biologically active portion of testosterone not bound to SHBG or albumin. Diagnostic Value: It provides a direct indicator of androgen activity. Low free testosterone may signal hypogonadism, while elevated levels can point to PCOS or adrenal overactivity. Clinical Importance: This test is especially useful when total testosterone appears normal but symptoms
- [FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/fsh-follicle-stimulating-hormone/) - FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland and controls the growth and maturation of eggs in women and sperm production in men. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal FSH levels can help diagnose menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or testicular dysfunction. Clinical Importance: Measuring FSH assists in evaluating infertility, irregular cycles, and pituitary gland disorders.
- [Progesterone](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/progesterone/) - Progesterone is produced mainly by the ovaries after ovulation and supports pregnancy and menstrual regulation. Diagnostic Value: Progesterone testing confirms ovulation and assesses luteal phase sufficiency. Low levels may cause infertility or recurrent miscarriage, while high levels may indicate pregnancy or ovarian cysts. Clinical Importance: It is essential in evaluating irregular cycles, unexplained infertility, and
- [LH (Luteinizing Hormone)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lh-luteinizing-hormone/) - LH is produced by the pituitary gland and triggers ovulation in women and testosterone production in men. Diagnostic Value: LH testing aids in identifying ovulation disorders, menopause, PCOS, and pituitary abnormalities. Clinical Importance: Abnormal LH levels can explain infertility, low libido, and hormonal imbalance. It is also used to time ovulation for fertility treatments. Symptom
- [Estradiol (High Sensitivity)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/estradiol-high-sensitivity/) - Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen and plays a central role in reproductive health, bone strength, and cardiovascular protection. Diagnostic Value: High-sensitivity estradiol testing detects even minor fluctuations in estrogen levels, critical for evaluating menstrual irregularities, menopause, infertility, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effectiveness. Clinical Importance: Abnormal estradiol levels may contribute to infertility,
- [DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/dhea-s-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate/) - DHEA-S is a hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands and serves as a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. It plays a vital role in energy, immunity, and mood regulation. Diagnostic Value: Measuring DHEA-S helps assess adrenal gland function and androgen production. Low levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency or aging-related decline, while high levels
- [Cortisol](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/cortisol/) - Cortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and the body’s reaction to stress. Measuring cortisol levels provides critical insight into adrenal gland function and the body’s ability to maintain balance under physical or emotional pressure. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal cortisol levels may indicate Cushing’s Syndrome
- [Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody IgM](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-cardiolipin-igm/) - This test measures IgM antibodies against cardiolipin, an important marker for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and autoimmune-related clotting disorders. Like the IgG type, it helps identify autoimmune activity that increases the risk of blood clots. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgM antibodies can appear earlier in disease progression and are useful in identifying cases where IgG levels are
- [Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody IgA](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-cardiolipin-iga/) - This test detects IgA-class antibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes and platelets. These antibodies are part of the antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) family and can play a role in abnormal blood clotting. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgA antibodies are used to help diagnose Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune disorder that increases the
- [Fibrinogen Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/fibrinogen-activity/) - This test measures the functional activity of fibrinogen, a protein made by the liver that plays a central role in blood clot formation. When injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, helping to stop bleeding and stabilize a clot. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal fibrinogen levels can indicate clotting disorders, liver disease, or inflammatory conditions. Low levels
- [SCT (Silica Clotting Time)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/sct-silica-clotting-time/) - This test is a functional clotting assay used to evaluate prolonged clotting times and detect lupus anticoagulant, using silica as a clotting activator instead of snake venom. Diagnostic Value: It serves as a complementary test to DRVVT, confirming the presence of phospholipid-dependent antibodies that prolong clotting times. Clinical Significance: A prolonged SCT that corrects with
- [D-Dimer](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/d-dimer/) - This test detects D-Dimer, a protein fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves. Diagnostic Value: Elevated levels indicate recent or ongoing clot formation and breakdown, seen in DVT, PE, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Clinical Significance: Often used as a screening tool to rule out thrombotic events; a normal result makes acute thrombosis unlikely. Symptom
- [Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody IgG](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-cardiolipin-igg/) - This test detects IgG antibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid that plays a role in blood clot formation and vascular health. Elevated levels are strongly associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of abnormal clotting in veins and arteries. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgG is considered the most clinically significant
- [Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 Antibody IgA](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/beta-2-glycoprotein-1-antibody-iga/) - This test detects IgA antibodies directed against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), a plasma protein involved in regulating blood clot formation. These antibodies are part of the Antiphospholipid Antibody (aPL) family and are associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of abnormal blood clots and pregnancy complications. Diagnostic Value: The
- [Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 Antibody IgG](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/beta-2-glycoprotein-1-antibody-igg/) - This test detects IgG antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), a key marker in diagnosing Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). These antibodies interfere with normal clotting regulation and promote abnormal blood clot formation in veins and arteries. Diagnostic Value: Anti-β2GPI IgG is considered the most clinically significant of all β2GPI isotypes and is included in the official
- [Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 Antibody IgM](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/beta-2-glycoprotein-1-antibody-igm/) - This test detects IgM antibodies directed against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), part of the antibody group linked to Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). Diagnostic Value: Anti-β2GPI IgM may appear earlier in disease development than IgG and can help identify autoimmune activity in patients with unexplained clotting or pregnancy loss. Clinical Significance: Elevated IgM β2GPI antibodies may contribute
- [LAC/DRVVT (Lupus Anticoagulant / Dilute Russell’s Viper Venom Time)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/lac-drvvt-lupus-anticoagulant-dilute-russells-viper-venom-time/) - This test evaluates for the presence of lupus anticoagulant, an antibody that interferes with phospholipid-dependent clotting reactions in the lab but increases clotting risk in the body. Diagnostic Value: The DRVVT method uses snake venom to activate the clotting process; delayed clotting that fails to correct with added phospholipids confirms the presence of lupus anticoagulant.
- [Homocysteine](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/homocysteine/) - This test measures homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood that, when elevated, can damage blood vessels and promote clot formation. Diagnostic Value: High levels may indicate vitamin B12, B6, or folate deficiency, and are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and thrombosis. Clinical Significance: Useful in assessing patients with premature heart disease, stroke,
- [Myoglobin](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/myoglobin/) - This test measures myoglobin, a protein released into the bloodstream after muscle injury. Diagnostic Value: Elevated myoglobin is an early but non-specific marker of heart or skeletal muscle damage. Clinical Significance: Used as a rapid screening test in combination with Troponin and CK-MB for suspected heart attack. Symptom Correlation: May correlate with chest pain or
- [CK-MB (Creatine Kinase-MB Isoenzyme)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ck-mb-creatine-kinase-mb-isoenzyme/) - This test measures CK-MB, an enzyme found primarily in heart muscle. Diagnostic Value: Elevated CK-MB indicates recent cardiac injury and helps confirm myocardial infarction when interpreted alongside Troponin. Clinical Significance: CK-MB levels rise and fall quickly, making it useful for identifying reinfarction or ongoing damage. Symptom Correlation: May align with chest pain or radiating shoulder
- [Troponin I (High Sensitivity)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/troponin-i-high-sensitivity/) - This test measures cardiac-specific troponin I, a protein released when heart muscle cells are damaged. Diagnostic Value: High-sensitivity Troponin I detects even minor myocardial injury and is the gold standard for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Clinical Significance: It allows early detection and monitoring of cardiac injury with exceptional accuracy. Symptom Correlation: Elevated levels
- [BNP (B-Type Natriuretic Peptide)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/bnp-b-type-natriuretic-peptide/) - This test measures BNP, a hormone released by the heart in response to stretching or pressure overload. Diagnostic Value: Elevated BNP indicates heart failure or fluid overload. Clinical Significance: BNP helps differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac causes of shortness of breath and guides management of heart failure. Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with fatigue, leg swelling,
- [Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/apolipoprotein-b-apob/) - This test measures ApoB, the main protein found in LDL and other atherogenic lipoproteins. Diagnostic Value: Elevated ApoB correlates closely with the number of particles that promote plaque formation and heart disease. Clinical Significance: More accurate than LDL cholesterol alone, ApoB is a key marker for assessing atherosclerosis risk. Symptom Correlation: Typically asymptomatic until advanced
- [Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/apolipoprotein-a1-apoa1/) - This test measures ApoA1, the main protein component of HDL (“good”) cholesterol. Diagnostic Value: High ApoA1 levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, reflecting efficient cholesterol transport away from arteries. Clinical Significance: ApoA1 is used to evaluate HDL function and complement standard lipid testing. Symptom Correlation: Low ApoA1 may accompany metabolic syndrome or poor lipid
- [Plasmin Inhibitor (α2-Antiplasmin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/plasmin-inhibitor-α2-antiplasmin/) - This test measures plasmin inhibitor, a protein that regulates clot breakdown by neutralizing plasmin. Diagnostic Value: Low levels may cause excessive fibrinolysis and bleeding, while high levels can promote clot persistence and thrombosis. Clinical Significance: Helps evaluate bleeding after surgery, trauma, or childbirth, and monitor conditions affecting clot stability. Symptom Correlation: Patients with low activity
- [Plasminogen](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/plasminogen/) - This test measures plasminogen, a precursor to plasmin, the enzyme responsible for breaking down clots (fibrinolysis). Diagnostic Value: Low levels may indicate reduced fibrinolytic activity, leading to excessive clot formation, while high levels may reflect increased breakdown activity. Clinical Significance: Evaluates bleeding or thrombotic tendencies and helps assess liver function or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- [Factor XII Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-xii-activity/) - This test measures Factor XII, which initiates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Diagnostic Value: Low Factor XII activity prolongs aPTT but typically does not cause bleeding; instead, some studies suggest it may increase thrombosis risk. Clinical Significance: Helps explain isolated prolonged aPTT and distinguish it from true bleeding disorders. Symptom Correlation: Usually asymptomatic, though linked
- [Factor XI Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-xi-activity/) - This test determines Factor XI levels, a clotting protein involved in the intrinsic pathway. Diagnostic Value: Low levels may indicate Factor XI deficiency, causing mild to moderate bleeding tendency, particularly after surgery or trauma. Clinical Significance: Helps diagnose bleeding disorders and differentiate between various coagulation factor deficiencies. Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nosebleeds, heavy menstrual
- [Factor X Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-x-activity/) - This test measures the activity of Factor X, a key enzyme that activates thrombin formation in the common coagulation pathway. Diagnostic Value: Low levels can result from liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or inherited Factor X deficiency; high levels may contribute to thrombotic risk. Clinical Significance: Often used to evaluate bleeding disorders or monitor anticoagulant
- [Factor IX Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-ix-activity/) - This test measures Factor IX, also known as the Christmas factor, crucial for normal blood clot formation. Diagnostic Value: Low activity is seen in Hemophilia B, an inherited bleeding disorder. Clinical Significance: Used to diagnose, monitor, and manage patients with bleeding disorders or factor replacement therapy. Symptom Correlation: Patients may have joint bleeding, prolonged bleeding
- [Factor VII Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-vii-activity/) - This test evaluates Factor VII, a key protein in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Diagnostic Value: Low levels cause prolonged PT and can result from vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or congenital Factor VII deficiency. Clinical Significance: It helps diagnose and monitor bleeding disorders and assess warfarin therapy effects. Symptom Correlation: Patients may have easy
- [Factor V Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-v-activity/) - This test measures Factor V, a protein that supports thrombin generation in the clotting cascade. Diagnostic Value: Low activity may indicate Factor V deficiency, leading to bleeding disorders, while resistance to activated Protein C (Factor V Leiden) increases clotting risk. Clinical Significance: Helps diagnose bleeding tendencies or inherited thrombophilia. Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nosebleeds,
- [Factor II (Prothrombin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-ii-prothrombin/) - This test measures the activity of Factor II, also known as prothrombin, which is essential for converting fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation. Diagnostic Value: Low levels may result from liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or inherited Factor II deficiency; elevated activity may increase the risk of thrombosis. Clinical Significance: It helps evaluate bleeding or
- [PT (Prothrombin Time)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/pt-prothrombin-time/) - This test measures how long it takes blood to clot through the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Diagnostic Value: Prolonged PT can indicate vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or anticoagulant therapy (like warfarin). Clinical Significance: Commonly used to monitor warfarin treatment and evaluate clotting factor deficiencies. Symptom Correlation: Patients with prolonged PT may experience easy bruising
- [aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/aptt-activated-partial-thromboplastin-time/) - This test evaluates how long it takes blood to clot by measuring the performance of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Diagnostic Value: Prolonged aPTT may indicate hemophilia, lupus anticoagulant, liver disease, or anticoagulant therapy, while shortened results can suggest hypercoagulable states. Clinical Significance: Often used to monitor heparin therapy and screen for clotting factor
- [Factor VIII Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/factor-viii-activity/) - This test measures the level of Factor VIII, a clotting protein essential for normal blood coagulation. Diagnostic Value: Low levels are seen in Hemophilia A or acquired bleeding disorders, while high levels may increase the risk of thrombosis. Clinical Significance: It helps diagnose bleeding tendencies, monitor replacement therapy, and evaluate inflammatory or liver-related conditions affecting
- [APCR Screen F V (Activated Protein C Resistance / Factor V Leiden)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/apcr-screen-f-v-activated-protein-c-resistance-factor-v-leiden/) - This test evaluates the body’s response to activated Protein C (APC). A resistance to APC — most commonly caused by the Factor V Leiden mutation — increases the risk of venous thrombosis. Diagnostic Value: Detects activated protein C resistance, helping to identify Factor V Leiden carriers, the most common inherited cause of thrombophilia. Clinical Significance:
- [Antithrombin III (AT III) Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/antithrombin-iii-at-iii-activity/) - This test measures the activity of Antithrombin III (AT III), a protein that naturally inhibits several enzymes in the coagulation cascade, including thrombin and factor Xa. Diagnostic Value: Low AT III activity can indicate antithrombin deficiency, which leads to an increased risk of abnormal clot formation. Clinical Significance: AT III deficiency may be inherited or
- [Protein S Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/protein-s-activity/) - This test evaluates the function of Protein S, a vitamin K–dependent protein that works alongside Protein C to control clot formation. Together, they help prevent excessive clotting by regulating thrombin generation. Diagnostic Value: Low Protein S activity suggests Protein S deficiency, which can be inherited or acquired (for example, due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, or
- [Protein C Activity](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/protein-c-activity/) - This test measures the activity of Protein C, a natural anticoagulant that helps prevent excessive blood clotting. It works by inactivating specific clotting factors (Va and VIIIa) to keep the clotting process balanced. Diagnostic Value: Low Protein C activity may indicate an inherited or acquired Protein C deficiency, which increases the risk of deep vein
- [eAG  (Estimated Average Glucose)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/eag-estimated-average-glucose/) - This test converts HbA1c results into an estimated daily average glucose level for easier interpretation. Diagnostic Value: eAG expresses long-term glucose control in the same units as daily glucose readings (mg/dL), making results more understandable for both patients and clinicians. Clinical Significance: eAG helps visualize overall glucose trends, supporting consistent monitoring and treatment adjustments. Symptom
- [Insulin](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/insulin/) - This test measures the level of insulin — the hormone responsible for moving glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy. Diagnostic Value: Insulin testing helps detect insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and certain metabolic or endocrine disorders. Clinical Significance: High insulin levels can signal insulin resistance or early type 2 diabetes, while low levels
- [Iron Saturation](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/iron-saturation/) - This test calculates the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron. Diagnostic Value: Low saturation points to iron deficiency; high saturation may indicate overload or hemochromatosis. Clinical Significance: Evaluating saturation alongside ferritin and TIBC provides a comprehensive view of iron metabolism. Symptom Correlation: Altered iron saturation may present with weakness, pallor, or liver-related symptoms.
- [Iron Total](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/iron-total/) - This test measures the total amount of circulating iron bound to transferrin. Diagnostic Value: Low levels indicate iron deficiency, while high levels may suggest overload or liver disease. Clinical Significance: Helps assess the body’s capacity to carry oxygen and produce red blood cells. Symptom Correlation: Fatigue, dizziness, or shortness of breath may be associated. The
- [Ferritin](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ferritin/) - This test measures ferritin, the primary protein that stores iron in the body. Diagnostic Value: Ferritin reflects total iron reserves and is one of the most reliable markers for iron deficiency or overload. Clinical Significance: Low ferritin indicates depleted iron stores; high ferritin may suggest inflammation or hemochromatosis. Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, brittle
- [sTfR (Soluble Transferrin Receptor)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/stfr-soluble-transferrin-receptor/) - This test measures the concentration of soluble transferrin receptors released by cells when iron demand increases. Diagnostic Value: sTfR helps distinguish between iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Clinical Significance: Elevated sTfR indicates tissue-level iron deficiency even when ferritin levels appear normal. Symptom Correlation: May correlate with weakness, pallor, or poor exercise tolerance. The
- [EPO (Erythropoietin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/epo-erythropoietin/) - This test measures erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Diagnostic Value: Abnormal EPO levels help determine whether anemia is caused by kidney disease, bone marrow failure, or other conditions. Clinical Significance: Low EPO suggests impaired kidney function, while high levels may occur in chronic
- [Vitamin B12](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/vitamin-b12/) - This test measures the level of vitamin B12, which is vital for red blood cell formation and neurological health. Diagnostic Value: Low B12 levels can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological impairment. Clinical Significance: Early detection prevents irreversible nerve damage and cognitive decline. Symptom Correlation: Deficiency may cause fatigue, memory issues, or tingling in hands
- [Intrinsic Factor](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/intrinsic-factor/) - This test detects antibodies against intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption in the stomach. Diagnostic Value: Positive results indicate pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder that prevents B12 absorption. Clinical Significance: Identifying intrinsic factor antibodies confirms the cause of vitamin B12 deficiency and directs appropriate treatment. Symptom Correlation: Symptoms include weakness, numbness, and
- [TPO-Ab (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/tpo-ab-thyroid-peroxidase-antibody/) - This test identifies antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Diagnostic Value: Elevated TPO antibodies are hallmark indicators of autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease. Clinical Significance: Persistent TPO antibodies signify ongoing thyroid inflammation, predicting progression to hypothyroidism even before symptoms arise. Symptom Correlation: Patients may show
- [Tg Ab II (Thyroglobulin Antibody, Second Generation)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/tg-ab-ii-thyroglobulin-antibody-second-generation/) - This test detects antibodies that target thyroglobulin, which can interfere with thyroglobulin measurements and indicate autoimmune thyroid disease. Diagnostic Value: The presence of Tg antibodies helps identify autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) and can affect interpretation of thyroglobulin tumor marker levels. Clinical Significance: Detecting Tg Ab II is vital for accurate cancer monitoring and distinguishing between
- [Tg (Thyroglobulin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/tg-thyroglobulin/) - This test measures the concentration of thyroglobulin, a protein produced exclusively by thyroid tissue. Diagnostic Value: Thyroglobulin serves as a key tumor marker in monitoring patients after thyroid cancer treatment or thyroidectomy. Detectable levels post-surgery may indicate residual or recurrent thyroid tissue. Clinical Significance: Beyond oncology, thyroglobulin levels can also reflect general thyroid gland activity
- [T-Uptake (Thyroid Uptake Test)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/t-uptake-thyroid-uptake-test/) - This test measures the unsaturated binding capacity of thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) — the primary carrier of thyroid hormones in the blood. Diagnostic Value: T-Uptake helps determine how much hormone is bound to proteins versus how much remains free and biologically active. It provides context for interpreting total T4 levels. Clinical Significance: Abnormal results may indicate
- [FT3 (Free Triiodothyronin)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ft3-free-triiodothyronin/) - This test measures the unbound, biologically active form of triiodothyronine (T3) circulating in the blood. Diagnostic Value: Free T3 reflects the immediate availability of active thyroid hormone to tissues and is crucial in detecting hyperthyroidism, even when T4 or TSH values are borderline. Clinical Significance: Abnormal FT3 levels can indicate thyroid dysfunction, metabolic disorders, or
- [TT4 (Total Thyroxine)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/tt4-total-thyroxine/) - This test measures the total amount of thyroxine (T4) in the bloodstream, including both protein-bound and free hormone fractions. Diagnostic Value: Total T4 helps evaluate thyroid gland output and is often used alongside TSH and T-Uptake tests for a complete thyroid function picture. Clinical Significance: Abnormal TT4 levels indicate overactive or underactive thyroid conditions. Elevated
- [Chromatin Antibody](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/chromatin-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies directed against chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins that forms chromosomes. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Chromatin antibodies are found in many patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and can serve as a sensitive marker when Anti-dsDNA or Anti-Smith antibodies are negative. Clinical Significance: Their presence may correlate with disease activity and
- [CCP3.1 (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ccp3-1-cyclic-citrullinated-peptide-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies that target citrullinated peptides, which form when certain proteins undergo a natural chemical change (citrullination). Diagnostic Value: Anti-CCP antibodies are among the most specific markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and are included in the formal diagnostic criteria for the disease. Clinical Significance: The CCP3.1 assay measures both IgG and IgA antibodies,
- [Ribosomal P Antibody](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ribosomal-p-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies directed against ribosomal P proteins (P0, P1, and P2) located on ribosomes inside cells. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Ribosomal P antibodies are considered highly specific for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), even though they are not always present in all patients. Clinical Significance: These antibodies are particularly associated with neuropsychiatric lupus, including symptoms such
- [Histone Antibody](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/histone-antibody/) - This test identifies antibodies directed against histones, which are proteins that package DNA into chromosomes. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Histone antibodies are highly associated with Drug-Induced Lupus (DIL) — a lupus-like condition triggered by certain medications such as hydralazine, procainamide, or isoniazid. They can also be present in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Clinical Significance: The presence of
- [Centromere Antibody](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/centromere-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies that target centromere proteins (CENP-A and CENP-B), found in the nucleus of cells. These antibodies are strongly associated with certain forms of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly the limited cutaneous type known as CREST syndrome. Diagnostic Value: A positive Centromere Antibody test supports the diagnosis of limited systemic sclerosis, distinguishing it from
- [C1q CIC (Circulating Immune Complex)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/c1q-cic-circulating-immune-complex/) - This test measures the level of immune complexes bound to complement component C1q, a marker of immune system activation. Diagnostic Value: Elevated C1q CIC levels indicate the presence of circulating immune complexes that may contribute to tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease activity, particularly in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and other immune complex–mediated conditions. Clinical Significance:
- [Anti-GBM (Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-gbm-glomerular-basement-membrane-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies that target the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) — a critical structural layer in the kidneys and lungs. The presence of these antibodies is characteristic of Anti-GBM Disease, also known as Goodpasture’s Syndrome, a rare autoimmune condition that can cause severe kidney and lung damage if not identified early. Diagnostic Value: Detection
- [Anti-MPO (Myeloperoxidase Antibody)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-mpo-myeloperoxidase-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme found in the granules of white blood cells called neutrophils. The presence of these antibodies is strongly associated with Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) and Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly Churg–Strauss syndrome) — autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation and damage of small blood vessels. Diagnostic Value:
- [Anti-PR3 (Proteinase 3 Antibody)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-pr3-proteinase-3-antibody/) - This test detects antibodies directed against proteinase 3, an enzyme found in certain white blood cells (neutrophils). These antibodies are closely linked to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), an autoimmune form of vasculitis that causes inflammation and damage in small blood vessels, particularly in the sinuses, lungs, and kidneys. Diagnostic Value: Anti-PR3 is a key marker
- [Anti-U1-RNP (Anti-U1-Ribonucleoprotein Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-u1-rnp-anti-u1-ribonucleoprotein-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies against the U1-ribonucleoprotein complex, commonly associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and sometimes found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and polymyositis. Diagnostic Value: Anti-U1-RNP is considered a hallmark marker for MCTD, especially when present in high levels. Overlap Syndromes: These antibodies indicate autoimmune activity that combines features of multiple
- [Anti-RNP-70 (Anti-U1-RNP Antibodies, 70kD Subtype)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-rnp-70-anti-u1-rnp-antibodies-70kd-subtype/) - This test detects antibodies directed against the 70-kilodalton (70kD) protein of the U1-ribonucleoprotein complex. These antibodies are strongly associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and can also appear in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diagnostic Value: Anti-RNP-70 is particularly important in identifying MCTD, a condition with overlapping features of lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Disease Differentiation:
- [Anti-Jo-1 (Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-jo-1-histidyl-trna-synthetase-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies strongly associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, which are autoimmune muscle diseases. Diagnostic Value: Anti-Jo-1 is the most common antibody found in patients with inflammatory muscle disease, often helping to confirm diagnosis. Lung Involvement: Its presence is linked to interstitial lung disease, a serious complication that requires close monitoring. Symptom Correlation: Patients
- [Anti-SS-B (Anti-La Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-ss-b-anti-la-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies most commonly associated with Sjögren’s syndrome, and sometimes found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diagnostic Use: Anti-SS-B often appears together with Anti-SS-A and strengthens the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome, particularly in patients with dry eyes and dry mouth. Clinical Relevance: While Anti-SS-B alone is less common, its presence provides
- [Anti-SS-A (Anti-Ro Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-ss-a-anti-ro-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies linked to several autoimmune conditions, most notably Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diagnostic Use: Anti-SS-A is a key marker for diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome, especially in patients with dry eyes, dry mouth, or salivary gland issues. Broader Associations: It can also be present in lupus, where it may be linked
- [Anti-dsDNA (Anti–Double-Stranded DNA Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-dsdna-anti-double-stranded-dna-antibodies/) - This test measures antibodies that target the body’s own DNA, which are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diagnostic Specificity: Anti-dsDNA antibodies are considered a hallmark marker for lupus and are rarely seen in other conditions. Disease Activity Monitoring: Levels of these antibodies often rise and fall with lupus activity, especially in cases involving
- [Anti-Scl-70 (Anti-Topoisomerase I Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-scl-70-anti-topoisomerase-i-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies commonly associated with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly the diffuse form of the disease. Diagnostic Value: The presence of Anti-Scl-70 helps confirm a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis when clinical symptoms such as skin thickening or organ involvement are present. Prognostic Insight: Anti-Scl-70 antibodies are linked to a higher likelihood of lung involvement
- [Anti-SM (Anti-Smith Antibodies)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/anti-sm-anti-smith-antibodies/) - This test detects antibodies directed against Smith (Sm) proteins, which are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Highly Specific Marker: Anti-SM is rare in the general population but, when present, is highly specific for lupus. Diagnostic Value: Helps confirm a lupus diagnosis when other autoimmune markers may be unclear. Clinical Insight: While not always
- [IgM-RF (Rheumatoid Factor, IgM)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/igm-rf-rheumatoid-factor-igm/) - This test measures the IgM type of rheumatoid factor in the blood. Elevated IgM-RF is most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. Early Detection: IgM-RF is often the first antibody to appear in rheumatoid arthritis, sometimes even before noticeable joint symptoms. Differentiation: Helps distinguish autoimmune inflammation from other types of joint pain
- [CA 125 (Ovarian Cancer Marker)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/ca-125-ovarian-cancer-marker/) - This test measures levels of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125), a protein often elevated in ovarian cancer and some benign conditions. Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 125 can indicate epithelial ovarian cancer or, in some cases, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or menstruation-related inflammation. Clinical Significance: While not diagnostic alone, CA 125 is used to monitor treatment
- [HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/hba1c-hemoglobin-a1c/) - This test measures the percentage of glucose bound to hemoglobin, reflecting average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months. Diagnostic Value: HbA1c is the primary test for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes and prediabetes. Clinical Significance: Elevated HbA1c indicates poor long-term glucose control and a higher risk of complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular
- [HsC-Reactive Protein (High-Sensitivity CRP)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/hsc-reactive-protein-high-sensitivity-crp/) - This test measures very low levels of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker produced by the liver. Diagnostic Value: Elevated hs-CRP indicates systemic inflammation and is strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. Clinical Significance: It helps identify individuals at risk even when cholesterol levels appear normal, making it
- [Folate](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/folate/) - This test measures the level of folate (vitamin B9), essential for red blood cell production and DNA synthesis. Diagnostic Value: Low folate can lead to megaloblastic anemia and is often associated with poor diet or malabsorption. Clinical Significance: Adequate folate is critical for preventing anemia and supporting nervous system function, particularly in pregnant women. Symptom
- [IgA-RF (Rheumatoid Factor, IgA)](https://ayassbioscience.com/test/iga-rf-rheumatoid-factor-iga/) - This test measures a specific type of rheumatoid factor (IgA) in the blood. Elevated levels of IgA-RF are often associated with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Testing for this marker helps doctors: Detect early signs of rheumatoid arthritis or related autoimmune diseases. Differentiate between inflammatory joint pain and other causes of discomfort. Monitor disease

## FAQs

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## Fusion Elements

- [Test Card](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/blog-1-2-2/) - Publication in PLOS ONESearch by Test Name Search for a test and see its description and related panels Search by Test Name Search for a test and see its description and related panels No test found. Try a different name or abbreviation. Cytokine Testing This panel measures a broad range of cytokines associated with immune
- [Blog 1](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/blog-1/) - July 10, 2023Publication in PLOS ONE
- [Instructor 1](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/instructor-1/) - Pharmacogenetic Testingclass
- [Class 2](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/class-2/) - Genetic TestingReveal inherited risks and insights to guide lifelong health decisions with confidence. Contact Us
- [Blog 2](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/blog-1-2/) - July 14, 2023
- [Instructor 2](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/instructor-1-2/) - Pharmacogenetic Testingclass Your Content Goes Here
- [Class 4](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/class-4/) - Discover the Art of DanceClassView this class
- [Class 3](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/class-2-2/) - Genetic TestingReveal inherited risks and insights to guide lifelong health decisions with confidence. difficultyView this class
- [Class 1](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/class-1/) - Clinical TestingDateTime View class
- [cta](https://ayassbioscience.com/fusion_element/cta/) - Get Started with Avada Crypto[contact-form-7 id=”117″ /]Looking for help? Get in touch with us AS SEEN IN

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## Panels

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- [Anti-Phosphatidylserine / Prothrombin Antibodies Panel](https://ayassbioscience.com/panel/anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin-antibodies/)
- [Cytokine Panel](https://ayassbioscience.com/panel/cytokine-panel/)

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