Combining Each Panel with Purpose — Not Randomly, but to Reveal Early Warning Signs and Guide Timely, Personalized Intervention

Ayass BioScience, LLC has combined multiple tests for specific blood components into carefully designed panels that provide a thorough assessment of an individual’s overall health. These panels help detect biochemical changes and the silent warning signs of serious disease. Many of these conditions are treatable when discovered early, but if left undetected, they can significantly reduce both the quality and length of life. By identifying critical health biomarkers, patients and physicians can work together to develop personalized plans for prevention, timely intervention, and long-term wellness.

Laboratory Testing

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Thyroid Panel

The Thyroid Panel assesses hormone balance and immune activity to detect early signs of thyroid dysfunction. Testing multiple markers together provides a clear, accurate view of thyroid health, helping to diagnose and manage conditions like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid disease.

This test measures the unbound, biologically active form of triiodothyronine (T3) circulating in the blood.

Diagnostic Value: Free T3 reflects the immediate availability of active thyroid hormone to tissues and is crucial in detecting hyperthyroidism, even when T4 or TSH values are borderline.

Clinical Significance: Abnormal FT3 levels can indicate thyroid dysfunction, metabolic disorders, or issues with hormone conversion from T4 to T3. It is especially useful when symptoms of hyperthyroidism appear despite normal T4 results.

Symptom Correlation: Elevated FT3 may cause anxiety, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, or tremors. Low FT3 can lead to fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, or depression.

The Free T3 test helps identify active thyroid hormone imbalance and provides deeper insight into thyroid metabolic activity.

This test measures the total amount of thyroxine (T4) in the bloodstream, including both protein-bound and free hormone fractions.

Diagnostic Value: Total T4 helps evaluate thyroid gland output and is often used alongside TSH and T-Uptake tests for a complete thyroid function picture.

Clinical Significance: Abnormal TT4 levels indicate overactive or underactive thyroid conditions. Elevated values suggest hyperthyroidism, while decreased levels point toward hypothyroidism or impaired hormone production.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience weight fluctuations, fatigue, changes in temperature tolerance, and altered heart rate depending on hormone excess or deficiency.

The Total T4 test provides an overview of thyroid hormone production and binding activity.

This test evaluates the amount of TSH produced by the pituitary gland to regulate thyroid hormone levels.

Diagnostic Value: TSH is the most sensitive marker for thyroid function assessment. High TSH levels suggest an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), while low levels indicate an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).

Clinical Significance: Measuring TSH helps detect early thyroid dysfunction even before hormone levels change. It is essential for diagnosing and monitoring thyroid disorders and adjusting thyroid medication dosage.

Symptom Correlation: High TSH levels may correspond with fatigue, cold intolerance, and depression. Low TSH can be associated with nervousness, insomnia, and unexplained weight loss.

The TSH test remains the primary tool for evaluating thyroid regulatory balance.

This test measures the unsaturated binding capacity of thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) — the primary carrier of thyroid hormones in the blood.

Diagnostic Value: T-Uptake helps determine how much hormone is bound to proteins versus how much remains free and biologically active. It provides context for interpreting total T4 levels.

Clinical Significance: Abnormal results may indicate changes in thyroid-binding protein levels due to medications, pregnancy, or liver conditions, rather than primary thyroid disease.

Symptom Correlation: Imbalances in hormone binding can mimic or mask symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, including fatigue, mood swings, or metabolic changes.

The T-Uptake test refines thyroid interpretation by revealing binding abnormalities that may influence hormone activity.

This test measures the concentration of thyroglobulin, a protein produced exclusively by thyroid tissue.

Diagnostic Value: Thyroglobulin serves as a key tumor marker in monitoring patients after thyroid cancer treatment or thyroidectomy. Detectable levels post-surgery may indicate residual or recurrent thyroid tissue.

Clinical Significance: Beyond oncology, thyroglobulin levels can also reflect general thyroid gland activity and inflammation.

Symptom Correlation: Elevations may occur in thyroiditis or nodular goiter, though typically without specific symptoms beyond localized neck discomfort.

The Thyroglobulin test is essential for long-term follow-up and recurrence monitoring in thyroid cancer management.

This test detects antibodies that target thyroglobulin, which can interfere with thyroglobulin measurements and indicate autoimmune thyroid disease.

Diagnostic Value: The presence of Tg antibodies helps identify autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) and can affect interpretation of thyroglobulin tumor marker levels.

Clinical Significance: Detecting Tg Ab II is vital for accurate cancer monitoring and distinguishing between antibody interference and true thyroglobulin elevation.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, swelling in the neck, or gradual thyroid failure consistent with autoimmune thyroid conditions.

The Tg Ab II test ensures accurate thyroglobulin interpretation and supports autoimmune thyroid disorder diagnosis.

This test identifies antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated TPO antibodies are hallmark indicators of autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease.

Clinical Significance: Persistent TPO antibodies signify ongoing thyroid inflammation, predicting progression to hypothyroidism even before symptoms arise.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may show gradual fatigue, dry skin, constipation, or swelling in the neck area due to chronic thyroid inflammation.

The TPO Antibody test provides critical insight into autoimmune thyroid activity and risk for long-term thyroid dysfunction.

Diabetes Panel

The Diabetes Panel evaluates long-term and current glucose control to detect early signs of diabetes and insulin resistance. Testing multiple markers together helps assess how effectively the body regulates blood sugar, guiding prevention and treatment strategies with greater precision.

This test measures the percentage of glucose bound to hemoglobin, reflecting average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months.

Diagnostic Value: HbA1c is the primary test for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes and prediabetes.

Clinical Significance: Elevated HbA1c indicates poor long-term glucose control and a higher risk of complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, increased thirst, or frequent urination, though early stages often present without symptoms.

The HbA1c test provides a stable, long-term measure of blood sugar control unaffected by daily fluctuations.

This test measures the level of insulin — the hormone responsible for moving glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy.

Diagnostic Value: Insulin testing helps detect insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and certain metabolic or endocrine disorders.

Clinical Significance: High insulin levels can signal insulin resistance or early type 2 diabetes, while low levels may indicate type 1 diabetes or pancreatic dysfunction.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may report fatigue, hunger, weight changes, or difficulty managing blood sugar levels.

The Insulin test helps uncover metabolic imbalance before glucose levels become abnormal.

This test converts HbA1c results into an estimated daily average glucose level for easier interpretation.

Diagnostic Value: eAG expresses long-term glucose control in the same units as daily glucose readings (mg/dL), making results more understandable for both patients and clinicians.

Clinical Significance: eAG helps visualize overall glucose trends, supporting consistent monitoring and treatment adjustments.

Symptom Correlation: Patterns of elevated eAG correlate with sustained hyperglycemia and increased risk of diabetic complications.

The eAG test translates long-term data into clear, actionable insight for effective diabetes management.

Autoimmune Panel

The Autoimmune Panel helps detect early signs of autoimmune disease by identifying antibodies that mistakenly attack the body’s own cells. Testing multiple markers together provides a clearer picture of immune system activity, helping to diagnose, differentiate, and manage autoimmune conditions with greater accuracy and efficiency.

This test measures a specific type of rheumatoid factor (IgA) in the blood. Elevated levels of IgA-RF are often associated with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Testing for this marker helps doctors:

  • Detect early signs of rheumatoid arthritis or related autoimmune diseases.

  • Differentiate between inflammatory joint pain and other causes of discomfort.

  • Monitor disease progression and response to treatment.

Because IgA-RF can appear before severe symptoms develop, identifying it early supports timely intervention that may prevent long-term joint damage and disability.

This test measures the IgM type of rheumatoid factor in the blood. Elevated IgM-RF is most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders.

  • Early Detection: IgM-RF is often the first antibody to appear in rheumatoid arthritis, sometimes even before noticeable joint symptoms.

  • Differentiation: Helps distinguish autoimmune inflammation from other types of joint pain or swelling.

  • Monitoring: Provides insight into disease activity and progression over time.

Identifying IgM-RF supports timely diagnosis and intervention, helping prevent irreversible joint damage and improving long-term outcomes.

This test detects antibodies directed against Smith (Sm) proteins, which are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

  • Highly Specific Marker: Anti-SM is rare in the general population but, when present, is highly specific for lupus.

  • Diagnostic Value: Helps confirm a lupus diagnosis when other autoimmune markers may be unclear.

  • Clinical Insight: While not always linked to disease severity, its presence indicates an underlying autoimmune response that requires monitoring.

Because of its specificity, the Anti-SM test plays a crucial role in identifying lupus early and guiding the right treatment strategy.

This test detects antibodies commonly associated with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly the diffuse form of the disease.

  • Diagnostic Value: The presence of Anti-Scl-70 helps confirm a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis when clinical symptoms such as skin thickening or organ involvement are present.

  • Prognostic Insight: Anti-Scl-70 antibodies are linked to a higher likelihood of lung involvement (such as interstitial lung disease), making early detection critical for monitoring and treatment.

  • Guidance for Care: Identifying this antibody allows physicians to watch more closely for complications and intervene before irreversible organ damage occurs.

Because of its predictive value, the Anti-Scl-70 test supports early detection and tailored management of systemic sclerosis.

This test measures antibodies that target the body’s own DNA, which are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

  • Diagnostic Specificity: Anti-dsDNA antibodies are considered a hallmark marker for lupus and are rarely seen in other conditions.

  • Disease Activity Monitoring: Levels of these antibodies often rise and fall with lupus activity, especially in cases involving kidney inflammation (lupus nephritis).

  • Clinical Guidance: Detecting Anti-dsDNA helps confirm diagnosis, monitor flares, and guide treatment decisions for patients with lupus.

Because of its close link to lupus and disease activity, the Anti-dsDNA test is an essential tool for both diagnosis and ongoing management.

This test detects antibodies linked to several autoimmune conditions, most notably Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

  • Diagnostic Use: Anti-SS-A is a key marker for diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome, especially in patients with dry eyes, dry mouth, or salivary gland issues.

  • Broader Associations: It can also be present in lupus, where it may be linked to skin manifestations such as photosensitivity or subacute cutaneous lupus.

  • Pregnancy Considerations: In expectant mothers, Anti-SS-A is important to identify because it can be associated with neonatal lupus and congenital heart block in newborns.

By identifying Anti-SS-A antibodies, physicians gain insight into autoimmune activity and can monitor patients more closely for systemic complications.

This test detects antibodies most commonly associated with Sjögren’s syndrome, and sometimes found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

  • Diagnostic Use: Anti-SS-B often appears together with Anti-SS-A and strengthens the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome, particularly in patients with dry eyes and dry mouth.

  • Clinical Relevance: While Anti-SS-B alone is less common, its presence provides additional evidence of autoimmune activity and helps refine the diagnosis.

  • Pregnancy Considerations: Like Anti-SS-A, Anti-SS-B antibodies can be relevant in pregnancy, as they may be associated with neonatal lupus or congenital heart block in infants.

Detecting Anti-SS-B antibodies supports early identification and more precise management of autoimmune conditions.

This test detects antibodies strongly associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, which are autoimmune muscle diseases.

  • Diagnostic Value: Anti-Jo-1 is the most common antibody found in patients with inflammatory muscle disease, often helping to confirm diagnosis.

  • Lung Involvement: Its presence is linked to interstitial lung disease, a serious complication that requires close monitoring.

  • Symptom Correlation: Patients with Anti-Jo-1 antibodies may also experience joint pain, fever, and Raynaud’s phenomenon (cold- or stress-induced color changes in fingers and toes).

Because of these associations, the Anti-Jo-1 test provides crucial insight into muscle and lung health, guiding early intervention and ongoing care.

his test detects antibodies directed against the 70-kilodalton (70kD) protein of the U1-ribonucleoprotein complex. These antibodies are strongly associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and can also appear in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

  • Diagnostic Value: Anti-RNP-70 is particularly important in identifying MCTD, a condition with overlapping features of lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis.

  • Disease Differentiation: The presence of Anti-RNP-70 helps distinguish MCTD from lupus and other autoimmune conditions when symptoms overlap.

  • Clinical Insight: Patients with these antibodies may present with joint pain, Raynaud’s phenomenon, muscle weakness, or skin changes — making early detection essential for monitoring disease progression.

Because of its specificity, the Anti-RNP-70 test is a key tool in diagnosing and differentiating autoimmune connective tissue diseases.

This test detects antibodies against the U1-ribonucleoprotein complex, commonly associated with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and sometimes found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and polymyositis.

  • Diagnostic Value: Anti-U1-RNP is considered a hallmark marker for MCTD, especially when present in high levels.

  • Overlap Syndromes: These antibodies indicate autoimmune activity that combines features of multiple connective tissue diseases (such as lupus-like rashes, muscle weakness, or Raynaud’s phenomenon).

  • Clinical Guidance: Their presence helps physicians recognize complex autoimmune presentations and tailor monitoring or treatment strategies accordingly.

Because of its role in identifying overlap conditions, the Anti-U1-RNP test provides essential clarity in diagnosing and managing mixed autoimmune diseases.

This test detects antibodies directed against proteinase 3, an enzyme found in certain white blood cells (neutrophils). These antibodies are closely linked to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), an autoimmune form of vasculitis that causes inflammation and damage in small blood vessels, particularly in the sinuses, lungs, and kidneys.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-PR3 is a key marker for GPA (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) and helps differentiate it from other types of vasculitis. A positive result supports diagnosis, especially when combined with characteristic clinical findings.

Disease Monitoring: Levels of Anti-PR3 antibodies may correlate with disease activity, making this test useful for tracking response to treatment and detecting relapses early.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with Anti-PR3 antibodies may present with chronic sinusitis, cough, shortness of breath, hematuria (blood in urine), or general inflammation symptoms such as fatigue and fever.

Because of its diagnostic precision and clinical relevance, the Anti-PR3 test is an essential tool for identifying and managing autoimmune vasculitis affecting vital organs.

This test detects antibodies directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme found in the granules of white blood cells called neutrophils. The presence of these antibodies is strongly associated with Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) and Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly Churg–Strauss syndrome) — autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation and damage of small blood vessels.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-MPO antibodies serve as a key marker for diagnosing certain types of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Their detection helps distinguish MPA and EGPA from other autoimmune or inflammatory disorders.

Disease Monitoring: Levels of Anti-MPO can rise or fall with disease activity, allowing clinicians to monitor treatment response and detect early signs of relapse.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with Anti-MPO antibodies may experience systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, neuropathy, cough, and kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis).

Because of these associations, the Anti-MPO test provides valuable insight into autoimmune vasculitis, helping guide early diagnosis and effective long-term management.

This test detects antibodies that target the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) — a critical structural layer in the kidneys and lungs. The presence of these antibodies is characteristic of Anti-GBM Disease, also known as Goodpasture’s Syndrome, a rare autoimmune condition that can cause severe kidney and lung damage if not identified early.

Diagnostic Value: Detection of Anti-GBM antibodies is highly specific for Goodpasture’s Syndrome and helps confirm diagnosis when patients present with both rapidly progressive kidney failure and lung involvement (such as coughing up blood).

Clinical Importance: Early identification is vital because Anti-GBM disease can progress quickly. Timely treatment, often involving plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive therapy, can prevent irreversible organ damage.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience blood in urine, swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood, reflecting the simultaneous attack on kidneys and lungs.

Because of its strong disease specificity and life-saving potential when detected early, the Anti-GBM test is a critical tool in diagnosing and managing autoimmune kidney and lung disorders.

This test detects IgA-class antibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes and platelets. These antibodies are part of the antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) family and can play a role in abnormal blood clotting.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgA antibodies are used to help diagnose Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune disorder that increases the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and pregnancy complications, such as recurrent miscarriages.

Clinical Significance: While IgG and IgM cardiolipin antibodies are the primary markers for APS, the IgA form can appear in patients who test negative for the other two. Therefore, testing for IgA helps identify cases of “seronegative” APS, ensuring a more complete evaluation.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies may present with deep vein thrombosis, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, or unexplained pregnancy loss.

By detecting the IgA form of these antibodies, the Anti-Cardiolipin IgA test contributes to a comprehensive assessment of clotting risk and autoimmune activity, supporting accurate diagnosis and prevention of serious complications.

This test detects IgG antibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid that plays a role in blood clot formation and vascular health. Elevated levels are strongly associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of abnormal clotting in veins and arteries.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgG is considered the most clinically significant of the cardiolipin antibody group and is included in the formal diagnostic criteria for APS.

Clinical Significance: High levels of IgG cardiolipin antibodies may lead to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Persistent positivity in repeat tests (at least 12 weeks apart) confirms a true autoimmune process rather than a temporary infection-related elevation.

Symptom Correlation: Symptoms may include unexplained blood clots, headaches, visual disturbances, or pregnancy complications.

Because of its strong link with clotting disorders and pregnancy loss, the Anti-Cardiolipin IgG test is an essential component in evaluating antiphospholipid-related autoimmune conditions.

This test measures IgM antibodies against cardiolipin, another important marker for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). Like the IgG type, it helps identify autoimmune activity that increases the risk of blood clots.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Cardiolipin IgM antibodies can appear earlier in disease progression and are useful in identifying cases where IgG levels are still normal.

Clinical Significance: Elevated IgM levels may be associated with venous or arterial thrombosis, as well as pregnancy complications. Persistent positivity confirms autoimmune activity rather than transient infection-related elevation.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience leg swelling (due to clots), chest pain, shortness of breath, or recurrent miscarriages.

Testing for all three isotypes (IgA, IgG, and IgM) provides the most complete evaluation of antiphospholipid antibody activity and helps guide treatment and preventive care.

This test measures the level of immune complexes bound to complement component C1q, a marker of immune system activation.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated C1q CIC levels indicate the presence of circulating immune complexes that may contribute to tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease activity, particularly in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and other immune complex–mediated conditions.

Clinical Significance: High values can reflect ongoing inflammation or active disease, and may correlate with flares in lupus or vasculitis.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, joint pain, rashes, kidney involvement, or low complement levels on other tests.

Because immune complexes play a central role in many autoimmune reactions, the C1q CIC test helps evaluate disease activity and tissue damage in immune-mediated disorders.

This test detects antibodies that target centromere proteins (CENP-A and CENP-B), found in the nucleus of cells. These antibodies are strongly associated with certain forms of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly the limited cutaneous type known as CREST syndrome.

Diagnostic Value: A positive Centromere Antibody test supports the diagnosis of limited systemic sclerosis, distinguishing it from diffuse forms of the disease.

Clinical Significance: Patients with these antibodies often have a slower disease progression but a higher likelihood of Raynaud’s phenomenon and esophageal involvement.

Symptom Correlation: Typical signs include tightening of skin on fingers, calcium deposits under skin, esophageal reflux, and dilated capillaries.

Because of its strong disease association and predictive value, the Centromere Antibody test helps guide early detection and targeted management of systemic sclerosis.

This test identifies antibodies directed against histones, which are proteins that package DNA into chromosomes.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Histone antibodies are highly associated with Drug-Induced Lupus (DIL) — a lupus-like condition triggered by certain medications such as hydralazine, procainamide, or isoniazid. They can also be present in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Clinical Significance: The presence of these antibodies helps distinguish drug-induced lupus from idiopathic lupus and can guide treatment decisions such as stopping the triggering medication.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with joint pain, fever, fatigue, or rash, typically without severe kidney or central nervous system involvement.

The Histone Antibody test plays an important role in differentiating lupus types and ensuring timely treatment adjustments.

This test detects antibodies directed against ribosomal P proteins (P0, P1, and P2) located on ribosomes inside cells.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Ribosomal P antibodies are considered highly specific for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), even though they are not always present in all patients.

Clinical Significance: These antibodies are particularly associated with neuropsychiatric lupus, including symptoms such as depression, psychosis, and cognitive changes, as well as liver involvement in lupus.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience mood disturbances, memory problems, or other neurologic symptoms along with general lupus features such as joint pain and fatigue.

Because of its specificity, the Ribosomal P Antibody test supports diagnosis and deeper evaluation of lupus-related neurological symptoms.

This test detects antibodies that target citrullinated peptides, which form when certain proteins undergo a natural chemical change (citrullination).

Diagnostic Value: Anti-CCP antibodies are among the most specific markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and are included in the formal diagnostic criteria for the disease.

Clinical Significance: The CCP3.1 assay measures both IgG and IgA antibodies, providing a highly sensitive and specific tool for early detection of RA — sometimes even before symptoms appear.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with Anti-CCP antibodies may experience joint pain, stiffness (especially in the morning), and swelling that typically affects the small joints of the hands and feet.

The CCP3.1 test helps identify patients at risk for developing RA and guides early, targeted treatment to prevent irreversible joint damage.

This test detects antibodies directed against chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins that forms chromosomes.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-Chromatin antibodies are found in many patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and can serve as a sensitive marker when Anti-dsDNA or Anti-Smith antibodies are negative.

Clinical Significance: Their presence may correlate with disease activity and renal involvement in lupus.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, rashes, joint pain, or kidney-related symptoms, depending on disease severity.

Because it broadens diagnostic coverage, the Chromatin Antibody test enhances the sensitivity of lupus testing panels and helps track disease progression.

This test detects IgA antibodies directed against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), a plasma protein involved in regulating blood clot formation. These antibodies are part of the Antiphospholipid Antibody (aPL) family and are associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of abnormal blood clots and pregnancy complications.

Diagnostic Value: The IgA form of β2GPI antibodies can help identify seronegative APS, in which IgG and IgM antibodies are absent but autoimmune clotting activity still exists.

Clinical Significance: Elevated IgA β2GPI antibodies may be linked to arterial or venous thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss. Testing for all three isotypes (IgA, IgG, IgM) provides a more complete picture of a patient’s clotting risk.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with deep vein thrombosis, stroke, or miscarriages related to impaired blood flow.

The Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 IgA test enhances diagnostic sensitivity, ensuring no case of autoimmune-related clotting risk is overlooked.

This test detects IgG antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), a key marker in diagnosing Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). These antibodies interfere with normal clotting regulation and promote abnormal blood clot formation in veins and arteries.

Diagnostic Value: Anti-β2GPI IgG is considered the most clinically significant of all β2GPI isotypes and is included in the official APS diagnostic criteria. Persistent positive results, confirmed at least 12 weeks apart, indicate autoimmune origin rather than transient infection-related elevation.

Clinical Significance: Associated with venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and recurrent miscarriage, especially when combined with other antiphospholipid antibodies.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience leg swelling, chest pain, or neurological symptoms from clotting events.

Because of its strong diagnostic weight, the Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 IgG test is essential for confirming APS and guiding appropriate long-term management.

This test detects IgM antibodies directed against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (β2GPI), part of the antibody group linked to Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS).

Diagnostic Value: Anti-β2GPI IgM may appear earlier in disease development than IgG and can help identify autoimmune activity in patients with unexplained clotting or pregnancy loss.

Clinical Significance: Elevated IgM β2GPI antibodies may contribute to thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis or arterial clots. Persistent positivity suggests an ongoing autoimmune process.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with IgM β2GPI antibodies may experience leg pain, swelling, or pregnancy complications due to impaired circulation.

When interpreted with IgG and IgA results, the Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 IgM test provides a comprehensive view of a patient’s autoimmune clotting risk profile.

This test evaluates for the presence of lupus anticoagulant, an antibody that interferes with phospholipid-dependent clotting reactions in the lab but increases clotting risk in the body.

Diagnostic Value: The DRVVT method uses snake venom to activate the clotting process; delayed clotting that fails to correct with added phospholipids confirms the presence of lupus anticoagulant.

Clinical Significance: Positive results indicate risk for thrombosis and are one of the main criteria for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) diagnosis.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience recurrent blood clots, stroke, or pregnancy complications.

The LAC/DRVVT test is essential in identifying prothrombotic autoimmune disorders and guiding preventative treatment.

This test is another functional assay for detecting lupus anticoagulant, using silica as a clotting activator instead of snake venom.

Diagnostic Value: It serves as a complementary test to DRVVT, confirming the presence of phospholipid-dependent antibodies that prolong clotting times.

Clinical Significance: A prolonged SCT that corrects with added phospholipids indicates lupus anticoagulant activity, contributing to APS diagnosis.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with positive results may have a history of unexplained thrombosis or pregnancy loss.

Used together with DRVVT, the SCT test provides greater accuracy in detecting lupus anticoagulant, ensuring thorough evaluation of clotting-related autoimmune disorders.

Coagulation Panel

The Coagulation Panel evaluates how effectively the blood forms and dissolves clots, helping to detect both bleeding disorders and abnormal clotting (thrombosis). By measuring key proteins, enzymes, and natural inhibitors involved in the clotting process, this panel provides a complete picture of the body’s hemostatic balance. It is essential for identifying inherited and acquired coagulation abnormalities, monitoring anticoagulant therapy, and guiding treatment decisions for patients with unexplained bleeding or clotting events.

This test measures the level and function of fibrinogen, a protein made by the liver that plays a central role in blood clot formation. When injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, helping to stop bleeding and stabilize a clot.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal fibrinogen levels can indicate clotting disorders, liver disease, or inflammatory conditions. Low levels may lead to excessive bleeding, while high levels can increase the risk of thrombosis.

Clinical Significance: Measuring fibrinogen activity helps assess bleeding risk, monitor anticoagulant therapy, and evaluate inflammatory or liver-related conditions.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with abnormal results may experience easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or signs of blood clots such as swelling or pain in the limbs.

Because it directly reflects the body’s ability to form stable clots, the Fibrinogen Activity test is an essential part of evaluating both bleeding and clotting tendencies.

This test measures the activity of Protein C, a natural anticoagulant that helps prevent excessive blood clotting. It works by inactivating specific clotting factors (Va and VIIIa) to keep the clotting process balanced.

Diagnostic Value: Low Protein C activity may indicate an inherited or acquired Protein C deficiency, which increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

Clinical Significance: Testing is particularly useful in patients with unexplained or recurrent blood clots, or a family history of thrombophilia (clotting disorders).

Symptom Correlation: Individuals with Protein C deficiency may experience leg pain, swelling, or shortness of breath caused by blood clots.

The Protein C Activity test helps identify patients with a higher risk of abnormal clotting, allowing for early intervention and preventive care.

This test evaluates the function of Protein S, a vitamin K–dependent protein that works alongside Protein C to control clot formation. Together, they help prevent excessive clotting by regulating thrombin generation.

Diagnostic Value: Low Protein S activity suggests Protein S deficiency, which can be inherited or acquired (for example, due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, or liver disease).

Clinical Significance: Deficiency increases the risk of venous thromboembolism, DVT, or PE, and may also play a role in pregnancy-related complications.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may have leg pain or swelling, chest pain, or recurrent miscarriages.

The Protein S Activity test provides essential information for evaluating clotting disorders and assessing overall anticoagulant balance.

This test measures the activity of Antithrombin III (AT III), a protein that naturally inhibits several enzymes in the coagulation cascade, including thrombin and factor Xa.

Diagnostic Value: Low AT III activity can indicate antithrombin deficiency, which leads to an increased risk of abnormal clot formation.

Clinical Significance: AT III deficiency may be inherited or acquired (from liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, or prolonged heparin therapy). Testing is often ordered when blood clots occur at a young age or in unusual sites.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with leg swelling, pain, or pulmonary embolism due to clot formation.

Because it reflects one of the body’s main natural anticoagulant systems, the AT III Activity test is crucial for identifying and managing thrombophilia.

This test evaluates the body’s response to activated Protein C (APC). A resistance to APC — most commonly caused by the Factor V Leiden mutation — increases the risk of venous thrombosis.

Diagnostic Value: Detects activated protein C resistance, helping to identify Factor V Leiden carriers, the most common inherited cause of thrombophilia.

Clinical Significance: Useful for evaluating unexplained recurrent clots, family history of DVT, or clotting during pregnancy.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may have leg swelling, pain, or a history of clots in deep veins or lungs.

The APCR Screen F V test helps pinpoint genetic clotting risks and guide preventive management for thromboembolic disease.

This test measures the level of Factor VIII, a clotting protein essential for normal blood coagulation.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels are seen in Hemophilia A or acquired bleeding disorders, while high levels may increase the risk of thrombosis.

Clinical Significance: It helps diagnose bleeding tendencies, monitor replacement therapy, and evaluate inflammatory or liver-related conditions affecting clotting.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with low activity may experience prolonged bleeding, easy bruising, or joint bleeds.

The Factor VIII Activity test is vital for assessing both bleeding disorders and clotting risks.

This test evaluates how long it takes blood to clot by measuring the performance of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways.

Diagnostic Value: Prolonged aPTT may indicate hemophilia, lupus anticoagulant, liver disease, or anticoagulant therapy, while shortened results can suggest hypercoagulable states.

Clinical Significance: Often used to monitor heparin therapy and screen for clotting factor deficiencies.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience easy bruising, nosebleeds, or prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery.

The aPTT test provides a broad view of clotting function and helps detect both bleeding and clotting disorders.

This test detects lupus anticoagulant (LAC) — an antibody that interferes with phospholipid-dependent clotting reactions in the lab but increases clotting risk in the body.

Diagnostic Value: Used to diagnose Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and identify patients at risk for thrombosis or pregnancy loss.

Clinical Significance: A prolonged clotting time that corrects with phospholipid confirms the presence of lupus anticoagulant.

Symptom Correlation: May include recurrent blood clots, stroke, or pregnancy complications.

The LAC/DRVVT test is a cornerstone in evaluating autoimmune-related clotting disorders.

This test also detects lupus anticoagulant, but uses silica as the clot activator instead of snake venom.

Diagnostic Value: Serves as a complementary assay to DRVVT, improving detection of lupus anticoagulant when results are borderline.

Clinical Significance: Helps confirm phospholipid-dependent antibodies responsible for prolonged clotting times.

Symptom Correlation: Associated with recurrent thrombosis or pregnancy loss.

Together with DRVVT, the SCT test ensures accurate detection of lupus anticoagulant activity.

This test measures how long it takes blood to clot through the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

Diagnostic Value: Prolonged PT can indicate vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or anticoagulant therapy (like warfarin).

Clinical Significance: Commonly used to monitor warfarin treatment and evaluate clotting factor deficiencies.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with prolonged PT may experience easy bruising or prolonged bleeding after minor cuts or surgery.

The PT test provides essential insight into blood’s clotting ability and the function of clotting factors made in the liver.

This test measures homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood that, when elevated, can damage blood vessels and promote clot formation.

Diagnostic Value: High levels may indicate vitamin B12, B6, or folate deficiency, and are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and thrombosis.

Clinical Significance: Useful in assessing patients with premature heart disease, stroke, or unexplained clotting events.

Symptom Correlation: Usually asymptomatic, but high levels contribute to vascular inflammation and clotting risk.

The Homocysteine test helps identify metabolic or nutritional factors contributing to cardiovascular and thrombotic disease.

This test detects D-Dimer, a protein fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated levels indicate recent or ongoing clot formation and breakdown, seen in DVT, PE, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Clinical Significance: Often used as a screening tool to rule out active clotting events; a normal result makes acute thrombosis unlikely.

Symptom Correlation: High levels may be found in patients with leg swelling, chest pain, or shortness of breath due to clot formation.

The D-Dimer test is a key marker for detecting abnormal clotting and monitoring treatment response.

This test measures the activity of Factor II, also known as prothrombin, which is essential for converting fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels may result from liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or inherited Factor II deficiency; elevated activity may increase the risk of thrombosis.

Clinical Significance: It helps evaluate bleeding or clotting disorders and monitor anticoagulant therapy.

Symptom Correlation: Abnormal results can cause easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or thrombotic events.

The Factor II Activity test supports diagnosis of both inherited and acquired coagulation abnormalities.

This test measures Factor V, a protein that supports thrombin generation in the clotting cascade.

Diagnostic Value: Low activity may indicate Factor V deficiency, leading to bleeding disorders, while resistance to activated Protein C (Factor V Leiden) increases clotting risk.

Clinical Significance: Helps diagnose bleeding tendencies or inherited thrombophilia.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nosebleeds, prolonged bleeding, or deep vein thrombosis.

The Factor V Activity test helps identify both bleeding and hypercoagulable conditions.

This test evaluates Factor VII, a key protein in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels cause prolonged PT and can result from vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, or congenital Factor VII deficiency.

Clinical Significance: It helps diagnose and monitor bleeding disorders and assess warfarin therapy effects.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may have easy bruising or prolonged bleeding after injury.

The Factor VII Activity test is essential for assessing clotting function in the early steps of coagulation.

This test measures Factor IX, also known as the Christmas factor, crucial for normal blood clot formation.

Diagnostic Value: Low activity is seen in Hemophilia B, an inherited bleeding disorder.

Clinical Significance: Used to diagnose, monitor, and manage patients with bleeding disorders or factor replacement therapy.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may have joint bleeding, prolonged bleeding after injury, or easy bruising.

The Factor IX Activity test plays a vital role in diagnosing Hemophilia B and other coagulation abnormalities.

This test measures the activity of Factor X, a key enzyme that activates thrombin formation in the common coagulation pathway.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels can result from liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or inherited Factor X deficiency; high levels may contribute to thrombotic risk.

Clinical Significance: Often used to evaluate bleeding disorders or monitor anticoagulant therapy (especially direct Factor Xa inhibitors).

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or deep vein thrombosis.

The Factor X Activity test is critical in assessing clotting efficiency and anticoagulant response.

This test determines Factor XI levels, a clotting protein involved in the intrinsic pathway.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels may indicate Factor XI deficiency, causing mild to moderate bleeding tendency, particularly after surgery or trauma.

Clinical Significance: Helps diagnose bleeding disorders and differentiate between various coagulation factor deficiencies.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding, or prolonged bleeding after injury.

The Factor XI Activity test aids in identifying subtle bleeding disorders that might otherwise go undetected.

This test measures Factor XII, which initiates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

Diagnostic Value: Low Factor XII activity prolongs aPTT but typically does not cause bleeding; instead, some studies suggest it may increase thrombosis risk.

Clinical Significance: Helps explain isolated prolonged aPTT and distinguish it from true bleeding disorders.

Symptom Correlation: Usually asymptomatic, though linked to possible thrombotic tendency.

The Factor XII Activity test clarifies unexplained prolonged clotting results and assesses intrinsic pathway function.

This test measures plasminogen, a precursor to plasmin, the enzyme responsible for breaking down clots (fibrinolysis).

Diagnostic Value: Low levels may indicate reduced fibrinolytic activity, leading to excessive clot formation, while high levels may reflect increased breakdown activity.

Clinical Significance: Evaluates bleeding or thrombotic tendencies and helps assess liver function or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Symptom Correlation: Patients with low levels may have recurrent thrombosis, while high levels can contribute to bleeding disorders.

The Plasminogen test provides important insight into the body’s ability to dissolve clots and maintain healthy circulation.

This test measures plasmin inhibitor, a protein that regulates clot breakdown by neutralizing plasmin.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels may cause excessive fibrinolysis and bleeding, while high levels can promote clot persistence and thrombosis.

Clinical Significance: Helps evaluate bleeding after surgery, trauma, or childbirth, and monitor conditions affecting clot stability.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with low activity may experience unusual or prolonged bleeding, while elevated levels may be linked to thrombosis.

The Plasmin Inhibitor test ensures balanced evaluation of both clot formation and breakdown, supporting accurate assessment of hemostatic health.

Hematology Panel

The Hematology Panel evaluates the body’s ability to produce healthy red blood cells and transport oxygen efficiently. By measuring key nutrients, iron status, and bone marrow activity, this panel helps detect anemia, nutrient deficiencies, and other blood-related disorders at an early stage.

This test measures the level of folate (vitamin B9), essential for red blood cell production and DNA synthesis.

Diagnostic Value: Low folate can lead to megaloblastic anemia and is often associated with poor diet or malabsorption.

Clinical Significance: Adequate folate is critical for preventing anemia and supporting nervous system function, particularly in pregnant women.

Symptom Correlation: Deficiency may cause fatigue, weakness, or mouth sores.

The Folate test helps ensure proper red blood cell development and DNA replication.

This test detects antibodies against intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption in the stomach.

Diagnostic Value: Positive results indicate pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder that prevents B12 absorption.

Clinical Significance: Identifying intrinsic factor antibodies confirms the cause of vitamin B12 deficiency and directs appropriate treatment.

Symptom Correlation: Symptoms include weakness, numbness, and difficulty concentrating.

The Intrinsic Factor test helps pinpoint autoimmune causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.

This test measures the level of vitamin B12, which is vital for red blood cell formation and neurological health.

Diagnostic Value: Low B12 levels can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neurological impairment.

Clinical Significance: Early detection prevents irreversible nerve damage and cognitive decline.

Symptom Correlation: Deficiency may cause fatigue, memory issues, or tingling in hands and feet.

The Vitamin B12 test ensures early recognition and management of deficiency-related disorders.

This test measures erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal EPO levels help determine whether anemia is caused by kidney disease, bone marrow failure, or other conditions.

Clinical Significance: Low EPO suggests impaired kidney function, while high levels may occur in chronic hypoxia or certain tumors.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue or shortness of breath due to low red blood cell count.

The EPO test helps identify whether anemia is driven by hormonal or bone marrow dysfunction.

This test measures the concentration of soluble transferrin receptors released by cells when iron demand increases.

Diagnostic Value: sTfR helps distinguish between iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease.

Clinical Significance: Elevated sTfR indicates tissue-level iron deficiency even when ferritin levels appear normal.

Symptom Correlation: May correlate with weakness, pallor, or poor exercise tolerance.

The sTfR test provides a sensitive marker for early iron depletion.

This test measures ferritin, the primary protein that stores iron in the body.

Diagnostic Value: Ferritin reflects total iron reserves and is one of the most reliable markers for iron deficiency or overload.

Clinical Significance: Low ferritin indicates depleted iron stores; high ferritin may suggest inflammation or hemochromatosis.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, brittle nails, or pallor.

The Ferritin test is essential for assessing iron balance and storage capacity.

This test provides a complete overview of blood cell counts, including red and white blood cells and platelets.

Diagnostic Value: A CBC helps detect anemia, infection, inflammation, and hematologic disorders.

Clinical Significance: Abnormalities in white blood cell types (differential) can indicate immune response, infection, or leukemia.

Symptom Correlation: Results guide evaluation of fatigue, fever, bruising, or weakness.

The CBC with Differential is a cornerstone test for overall blood health and systemic balance.

This test measures the total amount of circulating iron bound to transferrin.

Diagnostic Value: Low levels indicate iron deficiency, while high levels may suggest overload or liver disease.

Clinical Significance: Helps assess the body’s capacity to carry oxygen and produce red blood cells.

Symptom Correlation: Fatigue, dizziness, or shortness of breath may be associated.

The Iron Total test provides key insight into iron metabolism and transport efficiency.

This test calculates the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron.

Diagnostic Value: Low saturation points to iron deficiency; high saturation may indicate overload or hemochromatosis.

Clinical Significance: Evaluating saturation alongside ferritin and TIBC provides a comprehensive view of iron metabolism.

Symptom Correlation: Altered iron saturation may present with weakness, pallor, or liver-related symptoms.

The Iron Saturation test completes the assessment of iron transport and utilization.

Cardiovascular Panel

The Cardiovascular Panel evaluates critical biomarkers related to heart function, inflammation, and blood clotting. By analyzing multiple indicators together, it helps detect early warning signs of heart disease, assess cardiac injury, and guide personalized strategies for prevention and treatment.

This test measures very low levels of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker produced by the liver.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated hs-CRP indicates systemic inflammation and is strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke.

Clinical Significance: It helps identify individuals at risk even when cholesterol levels appear normal, making it a valuable marker for early intervention.

Symptom Correlation: Often elevated without symptoms, but high levels can accompany fatigue or general malaise during inflammation.

The hs-CRP test provides an early signal of vascular inflammation linked to heart disease risk.

This test measures ApoA1, the main protein component of HDL (“good”) cholesterol.

Diagnostic Value: High ApoA1 levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, reflecting efficient cholesterol transport away from arteries.

Clinical Significance: ApoA1 is used to evaluate HDL function and complement standard lipid testing.

Symptom Correlation: Low ApoA1 may accompany metabolic syndrome or poor lipid metabolism.

The ApoA1 test offers insight into protective cholesterol activity and cardiovascular resilience.

This test measures ApoB, the main protein found in LDL and other atherogenic lipoproteins.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated ApoB correlates closely with the number of particles that promote plaque formation and heart disease.

Clinical Significance: More accurate than LDL cholesterol alone, ApoB is a key marker for assessing atherosclerosis risk.

Symptom Correlation: Typically asymptomatic until advanced cardiovascular disease develops.

The ApoB test helps pinpoint atherogenic risk and guide lipid-lowering therapy.

This test detects fragments produced when a blood clot dissolves.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated D-dimer indicates recent or ongoing clot formation and breakdown, suggesting possible thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

Clinical Significance: Useful in ruling out deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Symptom Correlation: May correlate with leg pain, chest discomfort, or shortness of breath in clot-related conditions.

The D-Dimer test provides crucial insight into clotting activity and thrombotic risk.

This test measures BNP, a hormone released by the heart in response to stretching or pressure overload.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated BNP indicates heart failure or fluid overload.

Clinical Significance: BNP helps differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac causes of shortness of breath and guides management of heart failure.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with fatigue, leg swelling, or difficulty breathing.

The BNP test is essential for evaluating and monitoring heart failure severity.

This test measures cardiac-specific troponin I, a protein released when heart muscle cells are damaged.

Diagnostic Value: High-sensitivity Troponin I detects even minor myocardial injury and is the gold standard for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Clinical Significance: It allows early detection and monitoring of cardiac injury with exceptional accuracy.

Symptom Correlation: Elevated levels correspond with chest pain, shortness of breath, or pressure discomfort.

The High-Sensitivity Troponin I test enables rapid and precise detection of heart muscle damage.

This test measures CK-MB, an enzyme found primarily in heart muscle.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated CK-MB indicates recent cardiac injury and helps confirm myocardial infarction when interpreted alongside Troponin.

Clinical Significance: CK-MB levels rise and fall quickly, making it useful for identifying reinfarction or ongoing damage.

Symptom Correlation: May align with chest pain or radiating shoulder discomfort.

The CK-MB test supports timely diagnosis of cardiac muscle injury.

This test measures myoglobin, a protein released into the bloodstream after muscle injury.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated myoglobin is an early but non-specific marker of heart or skeletal muscle damage.

Clinical Significance: Used as a rapid screening test in combination with Troponin and CK-MB for suspected heart attack.

Symptom Correlation: May correlate with chest pain or muscle tenderness.

The Myoglobin test provides early detection of muscle injury before other cardiac markers rise.

This test measures the amino acid homocysteine, elevated levels of which can damage blood vessels.

Diagnostic Value: High homocysteine levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack.

Clinical Significance: Elevated results may result from vitamin B12, B6, or folate deficiency.

Symptom Correlation: Typically asymptomatic but linked to vascular disease progression.

The Homocysteine test helps evaluate vascular health and detect hidden metabolic risk factors.

This test measures fibrinogen, a protein essential for blood clot formation.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated fibrinogen levels indicate inflammation or cardiovascular risk, while low levels may lead to bleeding disorders.

Clinical Significance: It is both an inflammatory and coagulation marker, helping assess cardiovascular and thrombotic risk.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience abnormal bleeding, clotting, or inflammation-related symptoms.

The Fibrinogen test offers valuable insight into both clotting function and cardiovascular inflammation.

Antiphospholipids Panel

The Antiphospholipids Panel detects antibodies that target phospholipid-binding proteins, which can increase the risk of abnormal blood clotting (thrombosis), pregnancy complications, or autoimmune disorders. Testing multiple antibody types together helps confirm or rule out Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and related clotting disorders with high diagnostic accuracy.

This test measures IgA-class antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1, a key protein involved in blood coagulation.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated IgA Beta-2 GlyP1 antibodies are associated with thrombotic risk, especially in patients who test negative for IgG or IgM classes.

Clinical Significance: They help identify atypical forms of APS and complement standard antiphospholipid testing.

Symptom Correlation: May correspond with unexplained blood clots, pregnancy loss, or vascular inflammation.

The Beta-2 GlyP1 IgA test broadens detection of immune-mediated clotting risk.

This test detects IgG antibodies directed against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1, one of the main markers for APS.

Diagnostic Value: Strongly associated with venous and arterial thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss.

Clinical Significance: IgG is the most clinically significant class for confirming Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with leg swelling, chest pain, or recurrent miscarriage.

The Beta-2 GlyP1 IgG test serves as a core marker for autoimmune clotting disorders.

This test measures IgM-class antibodies against Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated IgM levels indicate early or transient immune activation in APS or related autoimmune processes.

Clinical Significance: Helps detect early immune response before IgG antibodies appear.

Symptom Correlation: May be seen in patients with clotting disorders or lupus-like symptoms.

The Beta-2 GlyP1 IgM test adds diagnostic sensitivity for early or evolving autoimmune thrombosis.

This test measures IgA antibodies that target cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes and mitochondria.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated levels are linked to APS and other autoimmune diseases, particularly in mucosal or atypical presentations.

Clinical Significance: IgA cardiolipin antibodies may appear even when IgG and IgM are negative, supporting diagnosis in borderline cases.

Symptom Correlation: May correlate with blood clots or pregnancy complications.

The Anti-Cardiolipin IgA test enhances detection of nontraditional APS presentations.

This test measures IgG antibodies to cardiolipin, the most established marker for Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Diagnostic Value: Persistent positivity strongly predicts risk of thrombosis and miscarriage.

Clinical Significance: Used in both diagnosis and monitoring of APS and lupus-related clotting disorders.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience clot-related pain, shortness of breath, or pregnancy loss.

The Anti-Cardiolipin IgG test remains a cornerstone in autoimmune clotting evaluation.

This test measures IgM antibodies to cardiolipin phospholipids.

Diagnostic Value: Indicates early immune activation and is often the first antibody to appear in antiphospholipid conditions.

Clinical Significance: Persistent positivity supports APS diagnosis, especially with compatible clinical history.

Symptom Correlation: May be associated with clotting or pregnancy-related complications.

The Anti-Cardiolipin IgM test complements IgG results and identifies early immune responses.

This test detects lupus anticoagulants — autoantibodies that interfere with phospholipid-dependent clotting reactions.

Diagnostic Value: Despite the name, lupus anticoagulants increase the risk of blood clots rather than bleeding. DRVVT is the most specific screening test for their presence.

Clinical Significance: A positive result supports APS diagnosis, especially when combined with Beta-2 GlyP1 or cardiolipin antibodies.

Symptom Correlation: May be linked with unexplained venous or arterial clots and recurrent miscarriages.

The LAC/DRVVT test is vital for confirming lupus anticoagulant activity and thrombotic risk.

This test is another sensitive assay used to detect lupus anticoagulant activity by measuring clotting time in response to silica activation.

Diagnostic Value: Prolonged clotting time that corrects with phospholipid addition confirms lupus anticoagulant presence.

Clinical Significance: Often performed alongside DRVVT to increase diagnostic accuracy for APS.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may have a history of thrombosis or pregnancy loss.

The SCT test complements DRVVT for precise lupus anticoagulant detection and APS confirmation.

Chemistry Panel

The Chemistry Panel evaluates key blood components that reflect kidney and liver function, electrolyte balance, and lipid metabolism. By combining tests such as the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) and Lipid Panel, it provides a broad view of metabolic and organ health. Together, these markers help detect early signs of liver disease, kidney dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk, supporting precise diagnosis and preventive care.

This test evaluates multiple chemical components in the blood to assess liver and kidney function, electrolyte balance, and overall metabolic health.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels of glucose, calcium, electrolytes, or enzymes such as ALT, AST, and creatinine can reveal liver disease, kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or metabolic imbalance.

Prognostic Insight: Because the CMP reflects how vital organs process nutrients and remove waste, it provides early warning of organ stress or systemic disease progression before symptoms become severe.

Guidance for Care: Physicians use CMP results to monitor treatment response, adjust medication dosages, and prevent complications related to diabetes, hypertension, or chronic organ disease.

By offering a detailed overview of the body’s metabolic processes, the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel supports early detection and personalized management of a wide range of systemic conditions.

Components Measured:
This is one of the most common and important baseline blood tests, measuring approximately 14 different substances, including:

  • Glucose – blood sugar level

  • Calcium – bone, muscle, and nerve function

  • Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO₂ (bicarbonate) – electrolytes and acid–base balance

  • BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) and Creatinine – kidney function

  • Albumin, Total Protein, ALP, ALT, AST, Bilirubin – liver function

Together, these markers provide a comprehensive picture of how the liver, kidneys, and metabolic systems are working.

This test measures key blood lipids to evaluate cardiovascular health and the body’s ability to metabolize fats. It provides valuable insight into cholesterol balance and helps assess the risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, or triglycerides can indicate increased risk for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, or impaired lipid metabolism. The test helps differentiate between protective and harmful cholesterol fractions to guide accurate risk assessment.

Prognostic Insight: Persistent elevation of LDL (“bad cholesterol”) and triglycerides, combined with low HDL (“good cholesterol”), increases the likelihood of arterial plaque formation and long-term vascular complications. Monitoring lipid trends over time allows for proactive prevention of heart disease.

Guidance for Care: Physicians use lipid profiles to guide dietary changes, lifestyle modification, and pharmacologic therapy aimed at reducing cholesterol and improving vascular health. Regular lipid testing supports early intervention and ongoing management of cardiovascular risk.

By offering a detailed assessment of cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the Lipid Panel helps detect and manage heart disease before symptoms appear — supporting prevention and long-term wellness.

Components Measured:
The Lipid Panel typically includes:

  • Total Cholesterol – overall level of cholesterol in the blood

  • HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) – “good” cholesterol that helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries

  • LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) – “bad” cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in arteries

  • Triglycerides – fats used for energy; high levels may increase cardiovascular risk

Together, these measurements provide a comprehensive understanding of lipid metabolism and overall cardiovascular health.

Endocrine Panel

The Endocrine Panel evaluates key hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response. By analyzing multiple hormonal markers together, it helps identify imbalances that may affect energy, mood, fertility, and overall well-being. This comprehensive assessment supports early detection and personalized management of hormonal and metabolic disorders.

Cortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and the body’s reaction to stress. Measuring cortisol levels provides critical insight into adrenal gland function and the body’s ability to maintain balance under physical or emotional pressure.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal cortisol levels may indicate Cushing’s Syndrome (when levels are too high) or Addison’s Disease (when levels are too low). It also helps assess chronic stress, adrenal fatigue, and secondary adrenal insufficiency caused by pituitary dysfunction.

Clinical Importance: Cortisol testing is essential in diagnosing unexplained fatigue, weight changes, high blood pressure, or immune suppression. Imbalanced cortisol can contribute to metabolic disorders, mood swings, and poor stress adaptation.

Symptom Correlation: Elevated cortisol is often linked to anxiety, insomnia, abdominal weight gain, and suppressed immunity. Low cortisol may cause fatigue, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, and dizziness — particularly in the morning.

Because cortisol orchestrates the body’s stress and energy regulation, testing it is key for identifying hidden endocrine or metabolic dysfunctions that affect overall resilience and vitality.

DHEA-S is a hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands and serves as a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. It plays a vital role in energy, immunity, and mood regulation.

Diagnostic Value: Measuring DHEA-S helps assess adrenal gland function and androgen production. Low levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency or aging-related decline, while high levels can signal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or adrenal tumors.

Clinical Importance: DHEA-S testing supports diagnosis of hormonal imbalances affecting fertility, libido, muscle tone, and mood. It also helps evaluate premature puberty in children and hirsutism (excess hair growth) in women.

Symptom Correlation: Abnormal levels may correspond with chronic fatigue, low sex drive, mood instability, or changes in body composition.

Because DHEA-S influences both male and female sex hormones, its measurement is an important part of understanding the body’s overall endocrine health.

Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen and plays a central role in reproductive health, bone strength, and cardiovascular protection.

Diagnostic Value: High-sensitivity estradiol testing detects even minor fluctuations in estrogen levels, critical for evaluating menstrual irregularities, menopause, infertility, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effectiveness.

Clinical Importance: Abnormal estradiol levels may contribute to infertility, osteoporosis, weight gain, or mood swings. In men, elevated estradiol can cause reduced libido and gynecomastia.

Symptom Correlation: Low levels often cause hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness; high levels can lead to bloating, breast tenderness, or irregular bleeding.

Estradiol testing provides vital information for assessing reproductive and metabolic balance in both women and men.

FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland and controls the growth and maturation of eggs in women and sperm production in men.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal FSH levels can help diagnose menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or testicular dysfunction.

Clinical Importance: Measuring FSH assists in evaluating infertility, irregular cycles, and pituitary gland disorders. In men, it helps determine the cause of low sperm count.

Symptom Correlation: High FSH in women often signals ovarian decline or menopause; low levels may reflect pituitary or hypothalamic issues.

FSH testing provides key insight into reproductive health and hormonal feedback between the brain and gonads.

Inhibin A is a hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta that helps regulate FSH secretion.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated Inhibin A levels can be associated with ovarian tumors or preeclampsia in pregnancy, while low levels may reflect poor ovarian reserve or placental insufficiency.

Clinical Importance: It is commonly used in prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities and in fertility evaluations.

Symptom Correlation: Irregular menstrual cycles or difficulty conceiving may correspond with altered Inhibin A levels.

Inhibin A testing provides valuable insight into reproductive function and fetal-maternal health.

LH is produced by the pituitary gland and triggers ovulation in women and testosterone production in men.

Diagnostic Value: LH testing aids in identifying ovulation disorders, menopause, PCOS, and pituitary abnormalities.

Clinical Importance: Abnormal LH levels can explain infertility, low libido, and hormonal imbalance. It is also used to time ovulation for fertility treatments.

Symptom Correlation: High LH levels may suggest ovarian failure or PCOS; low levels can indicate hypothalamic dysfunction or pituitary deficiency.

Because LH acts as a key reproductive signal, measuring it helps clarify fertility status and gonadal function.

Progesterone is produced mainly by the ovaries after ovulation and supports pregnancy and menstrual regulation.

Diagnostic Value: Progesterone testing confirms ovulation and assesses luteal phase sufficiency. Low levels may cause infertility or recurrent miscarriage, while high levels may indicate pregnancy or ovarian cysts.

Clinical Importance: It is essential in evaluating irregular cycles, unexplained infertility, and menopausal hormone balance.

Symptom Correlation: Deficiency may lead to mood swings, spotting, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.

Progesterone testing helps assess reproductive stability and hormonal harmony essential for conception and menstrual health.

Free testosterone measures the biologically active portion of testosterone not bound to SHBG or albumin.

Diagnostic Value: It provides a direct indicator of androgen activity. Low free testosterone may signal hypogonadism, while elevated levels can point to PCOS or adrenal overactivity.

Clinical Importance: This test is especially useful when total testosterone appears normal but symptoms suggest imbalance.

Symptom Correlation: Fatigue, decreased libido, hair loss, or muscle weakness may relate to low free testosterone; acne, excess hair, or irritability may relate to high levels.

Free testosterone testing offers a clearer view of true hormonal activity affecting vitality and reproductive function.

Total testosterone measures both bound and unbound testosterone circulating in the bloodstream.

Diagnostic Value: It helps identify androgen deficiency in men and excess androgen states in women.

Clinical Importance: Key for evaluating sexual dysfunction, infertility, and endocrine disorders.

Symptom Correlation: Low levels may cause decreased energy, mood changes, or muscle loss in men; high levels in women may cause acne, excess hair growth, or menstrual irregularities.

Together with free testosterone and SHBG, total testosterone provides a complete picture of androgen status.

Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and plays a key role in lactation and reproductive health.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) may result from pituitary tumors, hypothyroidism, or certain medications.

Clinical Importance: Testing helps diagnose infertility, irregular menstruation, and unexplained breast milk production (galactorrhea).

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience headaches, vision changes, or menstrual disruption.

Prolactin testing is crucial in assessing pituitary health and hormonal causes of reproductive dysfunction.

Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, immune function, and bone health.

Diagnostic Value: This test evaluates overall vitamin D status and helps diagnose deficiency, osteomalacia, or osteoporosis.

Clinical Importance: Deficiency contributes to fatigue, bone pain, immune weakness, and increased inflammation.

Symptom Correlation: Low levels may cause muscle weakness, joint pain, and susceptibility to infections.

Vitamin D testing is vital for assessing both metabolic and immune well-being.

SHBG is a protein that binds sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), controlling their bioavailability.

Diagnostic Value: High SHBG may indicate hyperthyroidism or liver disease; low SHBG may occur with insulin resistance, obesity, or PCOS.

Clinical Importance: SHBG testing clarifies discrepancies between total and free hormone measurements.

Symptom Correlation: Fatigue, weight gain, or loss of libido may stem from abnormal SHBG levels affecting hormone balance.

It serves as an important regulator in interpreting hormonal test results accurately.

HGH is produced by the pituitary gland and is critical for growth, metabolism, and tissue repair.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal levels can indicate growth hormone deficiency or acromegaly.

Clinical Importance: Testing is useful in evaluating unexplained changes in muscle mass, body fat, or bone density.

Symptom Correlation: Low levels may lead to fatigue, decreased strength, and poor concentration; high levels may cause joint pain and enlarged features.

HGH testing is fundamental for assessing pituitary function and metabolic vitality.

Renal Panel

The Renal Panel assesses kidney function and the body’s ability to filter and remove waste through blood tests that measure proteins, electrolytes, and filtration efficiency. By combining markers such as C3, C4, Kappa, Lambda, eGFR, Creatinine, and BUN, it provides a comprehensive view of renal performance and immune-related kidney health. Together, these tests help detect early signs of kidney dysfunction, inflammation, or protein imbalance—supporting accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and prevention of chronic kidney disease.

This test measures the level of Complement C3, a protein involved in immune defense and inflammation.

Diagnostic Value: Low C3 levels may indicate immune complex–mediated kidney disease, such as lupus nephritis or glomerulonephritis, while elevated levels can occur with acute inflammation or infection.

Clinical Significance: Persistent reduction in C3 may signal ongoing immune activation against kidney structures, contributing to progressive renal damage.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with swelling, dark urine, or elevated blood pressure linked to renal inflammation.

Because it reflects immune activity within the kidneys, C3 testing helps identify and monitor autoimmune or inflammatory renal disorders.

This test measures Complement C4, another immune protein essential for identifying immune complex–related diseases.

Diagnostic Value: Decreased C4 levels can indicate active lupus nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, or other complement-mediated kidney diseases.

Clinical Significance: Evaluating C4 alongside C3 provides a clearer picture of complement system activity and helps differentiate autoimmune from infectious causes of kidney inflammation.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience fatigue, swelling, foamy urine, or other signs of kidney involvement.

Because complement proteins are among the earliest markers of autoimmune renal inflammation, the C4 test supports early detection and effective disease monitoring.

This test measures the level of kappa free light chains, small protein fragments produced by plasma cells.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated kappa light chains may indicate abnormal immunoglobulin production associated with plasma cell disorders such as multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy, which can damage kidneys over time.

Clinical Significance: Monitoring kappa light chains helps detect early renal involvement in protein disorders and guides therapy to prevent irreversible kidney injury.

Symptom Correlation: High levels may cause fatigue, bone pain, frequent urination, or swelling due to renal stress from excess protein load.

Because they reveal abnormal protein filtration and immune dysregulation, kappa light chain testing is key for identifying kidney complications related to plasma cell disorders.

This test measures lambda free light chains, complementing kappa testing to assess immune system protein balance.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated lambda light chains, or an abnormal kappa-to-lambda ratio, can signal abnormal plasma cell activity, chronic inflammation, or renal dysfunction.

Clinical Significance: Evaluating both kappa and lambda levels provides a complete picture of protein metabolism and helps diagnose disorders that affect renal filtration capacity.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience weakness, edema, or foamy urine due to accumulation of abnormal proteins affecting kidney function.

Because it enhances sensitivity in detecting protein-related kidney disease, the lambda light chain test is valuable in both diagnosis and disease monitoring.

This test estimates how efficiently the kidneys filter waste products from the blood.

Diagnostic Value: Low eGFR values indicate impaired kidney function or early chronic kidney disease (CKD), even when symptoms are not yet apparent.

Clinical Significance: eGFR is one of the most reliable measures for staging CKD and tracking disease progression or treatment response.

Symptom Correlation: Patients with declining eGFR may experience fatigue, swelling, nausea, or changes in urination patterns.

Because it quantifies kidney performance directly, eGFR is central to evaluating renal health and preventing progression to advanced kidney failure.

This test measures creatinine, a waste product from muscle metabolism, to assess kidney filtration efficiency.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated creatinine levels indicate reduced kidney filtration or impaired renal function.

Clinical Significance: Creatinine testing is essential for diagnosing acute or chronic kidney disease and evaluating the effect of medications on renal performance.

Symptom Correlation: Increased levels may accompany swelling, decreased urine output, or fatigue related to toxin buildup.

Because creatinine is a direct indicator of kidney filtration ability, it remains one of the most critical tests for monitoring renal function.

This test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood derived from protein breakdown.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated BUN can signal kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or high protein metabolism; low levels may reflect liver disease or malnutrition.

Clinical Significance: BUN testing helps differentiate between renal and non-renal causes of elevated nitrogen waste in the bloodstream.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience nausea, confusion, or swelling associated with decreased kidney clearance.

Because it reflects both metabolic and renal efficiency, BUN testing is a key tool in assessing kidney and overall systemic health.

This test compares the levels of BUN and creatinine to help identify the cause of kidney dysfunction.

Diagnostic Value: A high ratio may indicate dehydration or heart failure; a low ratio suggests acute tubular necrosis or liver disease.

Clinical Significance: Evaluating this ratio provides greater diagnostic precision by distinguishing between prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes of abnormal kidney function.

Symptom Correlation: Depending on the cause, patients may present with swelling, changes in urination, or dehydration-related symptoms.

Because it integrates two major renal markers, the BUN/Creatinine Ratio enhances diagnostic clarity in evaluating kidney performance and systemic balance.

Inflammatory Bowel Panel

The Inflammatory Bowel Panel evaluates immune responses associated with gluten sensitivity, celiac disease, and intestinal inflammation. By combining Gliadin and Tissue Transglutaminase antibody tests (both IgA and IgG), it provides a clear assessment of the body’s reaction to gluten and the extent of mucosal injury. Together, these markers support accurate diagnosis, differentiation, and management of inflammatory bowel conditions, helping physicians guide dietary and therapeutic interventions for improved gastrointestinal health.

This test measures IgA antibodies directed against deamidated gliadin peptides — modified fragments of gluten proteins.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated Gliadin IgA antibodies indicate an immune response to gluten, often seen in celiac disease and gluten-sensitive enteropathy.

Clinical Significance: The presence of Gliadin IgA helps detect mucosal inflammation and intestinal damage in patients with malabsorption or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, fatigue, or nutrient deficiencies.

Because it reflects active immune reaction within the intestinal lining, the Gliadin IgA test is useful for screening and monitoring gluten-related inflammatory disorders.

This test detects IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides, providing complementary information to the IgA test.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated Gliadin IgG antibodies can identify gluten sensitivity or celiac disease in individuals with IgA deficiency, where IgA-based tests may yield false negatives.

Clinical Significance: Measuring Gliadin IgG enhances diagnostic accuracy by detecting gluten-induced inflammation in patients with atypical or extraintestinal symptoms.

Symptom Correlation: Common manifestations include abdominal discomfort, fatigue, headaches, or unexplained nutrient deficiencies.

Because it broadens the detection range, Gliadin IgG testing is valuable in diagnosing gluten-related disorders when IgA responses are absent or diminished.

This test measures IgA antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme targeted by the immune system in celiac disease.

Diagnostic Value: The tTG IgA test is the primary screening tool for celiac disease, as elevated levels strongly correlate with intestinal villous atrophy.

Clinical Significance: It helps confirm active autoimmune inflammation in the small intestine and monitor response to a gluten-free diet.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with bloating, diarrhea, anemia, or fatigue resulting from malabsorption.

Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, the tTG IgA test is considered the gold standard for detecting celiac disease.

This test measures IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase to detect gluten-related inflammation in patients with selective IgA deficiency.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated tTG IgG antibodies can confirm celiac disease in individuals who do not produce adequate IgA antibodies.

Clinical Significance: Used alongside tTG IgA and Gliadin IgG, it ensures accurate diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy even in complex immune profiles.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, weight loss, fatigue, or dermatitis herpetiformis (a gluten-related skin rash).

Because it compensates for IgA deficiency, tTG IgG testing expands diagnostic sensitivity for gluten-driven intestinal disease.

Cancer Panel

The Cancer Panel combines multiple tumor markers to detect, monitor, and manage malignancies across key organ systems — including ovarian, breast, gastrointestinal, liver, and prostate tissues. By measuring antigens such as CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CEA, AFP, and PSA (Total and Free), this panel provides a comprehensive overview of potential tumor activity and treatment response. Together, these biomarkers enable earlier detection, improved disease monitoring, and more personalized care for patients at risk of or undergoing cancer treatment.

This test measures levels of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA 125), a protein often elevated in ovarian cancer and some benign conditions.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 125 can indicate epithelial ovarian cancer or, in some cases, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or menstruation-related inflammation.

Clinical Significance: While not diagnostic alone, CA 125 is used to monitor treatment response, detect recurrence, and track disease progression in patients with known ovarian malignancy.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, or changes in appetite related to ovarian or pelvic disorders.

Because of its role in detecting early changes during disease management, CA 125 testing is a key biomarker in ovarian cancer monitoring.

This test measures Cancer Antigen 15-3, a protein released by breast cancer cells into the bloodstream.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 15-3 levels are often associated with advanced or metastatic breast cancer, particularly in hormone receptor–positive cases.

Clinical Significance: It is primarily used to monitor treatment effectiveness, recurrence, or progression rather than for initial diagnosis.

Symptom Correlation: Rising levels may coincide with new pain, swelling, or weight loss in patients with known breast malignancy.

Because it reflects changes in tumor activity over time, CA 15-3 testing is valuable in tracking breast cancer treatment and recurrence risk.

This test measures Cancer Antigen 19-9, a protein produced by cells in the pancreas, bile ducts, and gastrointestinal tract.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated CA 19-9 levels are commonly associated with pancreatic, gallbladder, or colorectal cancers, though mild increases can occur in benign biliary or liver disease.

Clinical Significance: It is widely used to monitor response to cancer therapy and detect recurrence after treatment.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may report abdominal pain, jaundice, nausea, or unexplained weight loss.

Because of its sensitivity to pancreatic and GI malignancies, CA 19-9 serves as an essential tool for monitoring gastrointestinal cancer activity.

This test measures Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), a protein normally produced during fetal development but elevated in certain cancers.

Diagnostic Value: Increased CEA levels may indicate colorectal, lung, pancreatic, or breast cancers. Smoking and inflammation can also cause mild elevation.

Clinical Significance: CEA is widely used to monitor cancer recurrence and evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, especially in colorectal cancer.

Symptom Correlation: Elevated levels may accompany fatigue, weight loss, or gastrointestinal symptoms depending on cancer location.

Because it provides a broad indicator of tumor presence and progression, CEA is one of the most established and versatile cancer biomarkers.

This test measures Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), a protein produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, which can reappear in certain cancers.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated AFP levels are commonly associated with liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and germ cell tumors.

Clinical Significance: AFP is used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring in patients with liver disease or malignancy risk factors.

Symptom Correlation: Increased AFP may coincide with abdominal pain, jaundice, or liver enlargement.

Because of its strong link to hepatic and germ cell tumors, AFP testing remains a cornerstone in liver cancer detection and management.

This test measures the total concentration of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) in the blood.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated total PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostatitis.

Clinical Significance: It is one of the most widely used markers for early detection and monitoring of prostate disorders.

Symptom Correlation: Elevated PSA may correspond with urinary frequency, weak stream, or pelvic discomfort.

Because it helps differentiate benign from malignant prostate conditions, the total PSA test is an essential screening and monitoring tool for men’s health.

This test measures the portion of PSA that circulates freely (not bound to proteins).

Diagnostic Value: A low free-to-total PSA ratio suggests higher likelihood of prostate cancer, whereas higher ratios favor benign enlargement.

Clinical Significance: Combined interpretation of free and total PSA improves diagnostic accuracy, reducing unnecessary biopsies.

Symptom Correlation: Similar to total PSA, patients may experience urinary hesitancy, urgency, or discomfort.

Because it refines prostate cancer risk assessment, the PSA Free test enhances clinical decision-making in prostate disease evaluation.

Allergy & Asthma Panel

The Allergy & Asthma Panel provides a comprehensive assessment of the immune system’s antibody response, focusing on markers related to hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and immune balance. By evaluating Total IgE, IgA, IgG, and IgM, this panel helps identify allergic tendencies, immune deficiencies, or chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. Together, these tests offer valuable insight into both allergic and immune-mediated mechanisms that influence asthma and allergy-related disorders.

This test measures the total amount of IgE antibodies in the blood, which play a key role in allergic reactions.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated total IgE levels indicate hypersensitivity or allergic responses to environmental triggers such as pollen, dust, food, or animal dander.

Clinical Significance: IgE testing helps identify atopic conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and food allergies.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience sneezing, wheezing, rashes, or shortness of breath following allergen exposure.

Because it reflects the body’s allergic immune response, the Total IgE test is a cornerstone for evaluating allergy and asthma-related conditions.

This test measures IgA antibodies, which protect mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Diagnostic Value: Low IgA levels may indicate immune deficiency, while elevated levels can signal chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease.

Clinical Significance: Assessing IgA is essential for understanding mucosal immune integrity, particularly in respiratory and intestinal conditions that overlap with allergic disorders.

Symptom Correlation: Deficiency may present as recurrent sinus infections, respiratory illness, or digestive disturbances.

Because mucosal immunity is critical for defending against allergens and pathogens, the Total IgA test supports comprehensive immune system evaluation.

This test measures IgG antibodies, the most abundant immunoglobulins responsible for long-term immune protection.

Diagnostic Value: Abnormal IgG levels can indicate chronic infection, immune deficiency, or excessive immune activation.

Clinical Significance: IgG testing helps evaluate immune response capacity, particularly in patients with persistent respiratory or allergic symptoms.

Symptom Correlation: Altered IgG levels may correlate with fatigue, frequent infections, or chronic inflammation.

Because it reflects sustained immune defense, Total IgG testing helps determine immune resilience in allergic and inflammatory airway diseases.

This test measures IgM antibodies, the first line of defense produced by the immune system in response to infection.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated IgM levels suggest recent infection or immune activation, while low levels may indicate immune deficiency or chronic illness.

Clinical Significance: Measuring IgM assists in evaluating immune readiness and identifying acute versus chronic allergic or infectious conditions.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with fever, congestion, or inflammation linked to early immune response.

Because it represents the body’s immediate antibody response, Total IgM testing complements IgG and IgA assessments in immune system profiling.

Special Chemistry Panel

The Special Chemistry Panel evaluates key metabolic and enzymatic markers that provide insight into tissue health, energy metabolism, and renal function. By combining tests such as Uric Acid, Magnesium, Phosphorus, LDH, CK, and Lactate, this panel helps identify muscle injury, metabolic imbalance, inflammation, and organ stress. Together, these measurements give physicians a deeper understanding of cellular and biochemical processes, supporting accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment across a wide range of clinical conditions.

This test measures the amount of uric acid in the blood — a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated uric acid levels may indicate gout, kidney disease, or increased cell turnover, while low levels can occur with liver disease or certain metabolic conditions.

Clinical Significance: Monitoring uric acid helps identify causes of joint pain, inflammation, and renal impairment due to crystal deposition.

Symptom Correlation: High levels may present with joint swelling, pain (especially in the big toe), or kidney stone formation.

Because it reflects purine metabolism and renal excretion efficiency, uric acid testing supports diagnosis and management of gout and metabolic disorders.

This test measures the concentration of magnesium, an essential mineral involved in muscle, nerve, and enzyme function.

Diagnostic Value: Low magnesium (hypomagnesemia) may result from poor diet, alcohol use, or diuretic therapy, while high magnesium (hypermagnesemia) may indicate kidney dysfunction.

Clinical Significance: Magnesium testing is critical for evaluating muscle cramps, arrhythmias, or electrolyte disturbances.

Symptom Correlation: Abnormal levels can cause weakness, irregular heartbeat, tremors, or confusion.

Because magnesium is vital for cellular energy and nerve function, its measurement is key to assessing metabolic and cardiovascular stability.

This test measures phosphorus, a mineral important for bone health, energy production, and acid–base balance.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated phosphorus may occur in kidney failure or excessive vitamin D intake; low levels can signal malnutrition, alcoholism, or hormonal imbalance.

Clinical Significance: Phosphorus testing is used to evaluate renal function, parathyroid disorders, and bone metabolism.

Symptom Correlation: Abnormal phosphorus levels can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, or tingling sensations.

Because it reflects metabolic and skeletal balance, phosphorus testing is essential for diagnosing renal and endocrine disorders.

This test measures LDH, an enzyme found in nearly all body tissues that is released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated LDH levels indicate tissue injury or disease affecting the heart, liver, lungs, muscles, or red blood cells.

Clinical Significance: LDH serves as a nonspecific but sensitive marker of cell damage, supporting diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, myocardial infarction, and liver disease.

Symptom Correlation: High LDH may be associated with fatigue, chest pain, jaundice, or muscle soreness depending on the affected organ.

Because it reflects cell integrity across multiple systems, LDH testing helps detect and monitor tissue damage and systemic disease activity.

This test measures creatine kinase (CK), an enzyme released when muscle tissue is damaged.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated CK indicates muscle injury, heart attack, or inflammatory muscle disease (myositis).

Clinical Significance: CK testing distinguishes between skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle damage, and helps assess severity and recovery.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience muscle pain, weakness, or dark urine following exertion or injury.

Because it reflects both muscular and cardiac health, CK testing is vital for evaluating unexplained muscle symptoms or suspected heart damage.

This test measures lactic acid levels in the blood, indicating how efficiently oxygen is being delivered and used by tissues.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated lactate levels suggest tissue hypoxia, sepsis, or metabolic acidosis.

Clinical Significance: Lactate testing is crucial in emergency and critical care for assessing oxygen deprivation and circulatory status.

Symptom Correlation: High lactate may cause rapid breathing, confusion, fatigue, or nausea associated with inadequate oxygen delivery.

Because it serves as an indicator of cellular oxygen balance, lactate testing is essential for detecting metabolic and circulatory distress.

Inflammatory Liver Panel

he Inflammatory Liver Panel helps detect autoimmune-mediated liver injury by identifying antibodies that target liver and bile-duct structures. By including the Mitochondria (M2) Antibody IgG, this panel provides critical insight into early-stage Primary Biliary Cholangitis and related inflammatory liver disorders. Together, these findings support prompt diagnosis, differentiation, and management to preserve long-term liver health.

This test detects antibodies directed against mitochondrial M2 antigens, which are strongly associated with autoimmune liver disease, particularly Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC).

Diagnostic Value: The presence of M2 antibodies is highly specific for PBC, an autoimmune condition that causes gradual destruction of the bile ducts within the liver.

Clinical Significance: Early detection allows for timely management to slow disease progression and prevent complications such as cirrhosis or liver failure. M2 testing also helps differentiate PBC from other causes of cholestatic liver injury.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with persistent fatigue, itching (pruritus), jaundice, or right-upper-quadrant discomfort — symptoms reflecting bile duct inflammation and impaired liver function.

Because of its strong disease specificity, the Mitochondria (M2) Antibody IgG test is essential for confirming autoimmune liver disease and guiding early intervention.

Pulmonary Panel

The Pulmonary Panel evaluates genetic and biochemical markers associated with chronic lung and respiratory diseases. By measuring Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, it helps identify individuals at risk for emphysema, COPD, or liver complications due to inherited enzyme deficiency. This panel supports early intervention and personalized management to preserve lung function and overall respiratory health.

This test measures the level of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, a protective protein produced by the liver that helps prevent breakdown of lung tissue.

Diagnostic Value: Low AAT levels indicate Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing emphysema, COPD, or liver disease.

Clinical Significance: Measuring AAT helps identify hereditary causes of chronic lung disease, especially in patients with early-onset respiratory symptoms or family history of COPD. Early detection allows physicians to implement preventive strategies, such as smoking avoidance and targeted therapy.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, or recurrent respiratory infections; in some cases, jaundice or fatigue may signal liver involvement.

Because of its role in protecting lung tissue from enzyme-related damage, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin testing is essential for diagnosing and managing inherited pulmonary and hepatic disorders.

Pancreatic Panel

The Pancreatic Panel assesses enzyme activity that reflects pancreatic function and inflammation. By measuring amylase and lipase, it provides rapid and reliable detection of pancreatic injury, obstruction, or acute inflammation. Together, these tests enable accurate diagnosis and timely management of pancreatitis and related gastrointestinal disorders.

This test measures the level of amylase, an enzyme produced mainly by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated amylase levels are commonly associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or gallstone-related inflammation. Low levels may occur with severe pancreatic damage or cystic fibrosis.

Clinical Significance: Amylase testing is essential for evaluating unexplained abdominal pain, nausea, or suspected pancreatic disease. When interpreted alongside lipase, it improves diagnostic accuracy for acute pancreatic injury.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience upper abdominal pain radiating to the back, bloating, fever, or vomiting.

Because it responds rapidly to pancreatic inflammation, amylase testing is a key tool for early detection and management of pancreatic disorders.

This test measures lipase, a pancreatic enzyme responsible for breaking down dietary fats.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated lipase levels are highly specific for pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or injury to pancreatic tissue. It typically remains elevated longer than amylase, providing a more stable diagnostic indicator.

Clinical Significance: Lipase testing helps differentiate pancreatic disease from other abdominal conditions and is critical for monitoring the severity and progression of inflammation.

Symptom Correlation: Common symptoms include sharp upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and tenderness that worsens after eating.

Because of its strong specificity for pancreatic injury, lipase testing is considered the most reliable biomarker for pancreatitis diagnosis and monitoring.

Additional Tests

These additional antiphospholipid antibody tests — aPS/PT IgG and IgM — provide deeper insight into autoimmune-related clotting disorders. By detecting antibodies that interfere with normal coagulation, they complement traditional APS markers and support accurate diagnosis in patients with unexplained thrombosis, pregnancy loss, or inflammatory vascular disease. Together, they strengthen the overall assessment of autoimmune and thrombotic risk.

This test detects IgG antibodies against the phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex, which are associated with abnormal blood clotting and autoimmune activity.

Diagnostic Value: The presence of aPS/PT IgG antibodies supports the diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), particularly in patients with unexplained thrombosis or recurrent pregnancy loss.

Clinical Significance: These antibodies can promote hypercoagulability by interfering with natural anticoagulant pathways. Measuring aPS/PT IgG enhances diagnostic sensitivity in patients who are negative for conventional antiphospholipid markers (such as lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies).

Symptom Correlation: Patients may experience deep vein thrombosis, stroke, miscarriages, or chronic headaches linked to vascular inflammation.

Because of its strong association with autoimmune-mediated clotting disorders, the aPS/PT IgG test provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic insight into antiphospholipid conditions.

This test measures IgM antibodies against the phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex, complementing the IgG subtype in evaluating autoimmune clotting risk.

Diagnostic Value: Elevated aPS/PT IgM levels indicate an early or transient immune response in Antiphospholipid Syndrome and related hypercoagulable states.

Clinical Significance: Testing both IgG and IgM subtypes improves detection accuracy and helps monitor disease activity or treatment response.

Symptom Correlation: Patients may present with leg swelling, shortness of breath, pregnancy complications, or neurological symptoms associated with clot formation.

Because it identifies an additional antibody class involved in coagulation disorders, aPS/PT IgM testing enhances the sensitivity of antiphospholipid evaluations.

All tests are performed at Ayass BioScience, LLC (DBA Ayass Laboratory, LLC), a CLIA-certified laboratory.
If you have any questions about Genetic Testing, Clinical Testing, Cytokine Testing, or Pharmacogenetic Testing at Ayass BioScience, LLC—or about Transcriptome Analysis (conducted at Ayass BioScience, LLC for research purposes only and not FDA-approved)—please call us at 972-668-6005 or fill out the contact form at the bottom of this page. We’ll be happy to answer your questions.